Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment

Pogoson, E; Carey, Manus; Meharg, Caroline; Meharg, Andrew A.

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127842

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…Among the 140 rice samples, total As concentrations varied from 25.1 to 370 μg/kg (mean 143 μg/kg, median 132 μg/kg); iAs ranged from 18.3 to 220 μg/kg (mean 97.6 μg/kg, median 90.0 μg/kg); DMA ranged from 4.39 to 94.1 μg/kg (mean 29.4 μg/kg, median 28.0 μg/kg); and DMMTA ranged from <0.20 (i.e., limit of detection, being for 2 out of 140 samples) to 30.4 μg/kg (mean 10.4 μg/kg, median 10.0 μg/kg) (Figure A and Table S2). The ranges and means of total As and iAs obtained in the present study are similar to those reported previously for global studies of As in rice. ,,,,− Among the 140 rice samples, 12 samples (5%) exceeded the EU and Chinese limits for iAs in rice of 200 μg/kg. The proportion of As present as iAs varied from 41 to 98% (mean 68%), as DMA from 1.3 to 48% (mean 24%), and as DMMTA from 1.4 to 16% (mean 8%) (Figure B).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Widespread Occurrence of the Highly Toxic Dimethylated Monothioarsenate (DMMTA) in Rice Globally

Dai

Tang

Gao

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Arsenic (As) accumulation in rice is of global concern for human health and international trade. Rice is typically reported to contain inorganic As (iAs) and dimethylated arsenate (DMA), with current food guidelines limiting toxic iAs but not less-toxic DMA. Here, we show that the highly toxic dimethylated monothioarsenate (DMMTA) is also found in rice worldwide and has been unknowingly determined as less-toxic DMA by previous routine analytical methods. Using enzymatic extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography−inductively coupled plasma−mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) analysis with a C18 column, DMMTA was detected in rice grains (n = 103) from a field survey from China and in polished rice grains (n = 140) from a global market-basket survey. Concentration ranged from <0.20 to 34.8 μg/kg (median 10.3 μg/kg), accounting for 0 to 21% of total As. A strong linear correlation was observed in all rice samples between DMA and DMMTA (being 30 ± 8% of DMA) concentrations. This robust relationship allows an estimation of DMMTA in rice grains from the DMA data reported in previous market-basket surveys, showing a general global geographical pattern with DMMTA concentration increasing from the equator toward high-latitude regions. Based on the global occurrence and potential high toxicity, DMMTA in rice should be considered in health risk assessments and for setting food regulations.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Widespread Occurrence of the Highly Toxic Dimethylated Monothioarsenate (DMMTA) in Rice Globally

Dai

Tang

Gao

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Menon, et al [24] reported no significant reduction in Zn and Se but a 5% reduction in Mn from white and brown rice in parboiled and absorbed cooking treatments. Similarly, a reduction in essential elements from raw rice when cooked with excess water was reported by Pogoson, et al [67], Carey, et al [39] and Sharafi, et al [1]. The effect of various cooking methods on the percentage of reduction in Pb from different rice brands is presented in Figure 2c.…”

Section: Influence Of Cooking Procedures On Release Of Essential Nutr...supporting

confidence: 71%

Removal of Toxic and Essential Nutrient Elements from Commercial Rice Brands Using Different Washing and Cooking Practices: Human Health Risk Assessment

Shahriar

Paul

Rahman

2022

IJERPH

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This study determined the influence of different cooking procedures on the removal of toxic elements (TEs) including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) along with other nutrient elements from different commercially available rice brands sold in Bangladeshi markets. We observed 33%, 35%, and 27% average removal of As, Cd, and Pb accordingly from rice when cooked with a rice to water ratio of 1:6 after washing 5 times. We also found a significant reduction in essential elements: Zn (17%), Cu (10%), Mn (22%), Se (49%), and Mo (22%), when rice cooking was performed as in traditional practice. Daily dietary intakes were found to be between 0.36 and 1.67 µg/kgbw for As, 0.06 and 1.15 µg/kgbw for Cd, and 0.04 and 0.17 µg/kgbw for Pb when rice was cooked by the rice cooker method (rice:water 1:2), while in the traditional method (rice:water 1:6) daily intake rates ranged from 0.23 to 1.3 µg/kgbw for As, 0.04 to 0.88 µg/kgbw for Cd, and 0.03 to 0.15 µg/kgbw for Pb for adults. The HQ and ILCR for As, Cd, and Pb revealed that there is a possibility of noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risk for As but no appreciable risk for Cd and Pb from consumption of rice.

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“…Human health is inseparable from delicious, nutrient-rich, and, especially, safe foods [55]. Rice is a plant that might accumulate Cd in the grain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Hydrogen Increases Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Rice Grain in Field Trials

Cheng

Wang

Zhao

et al. 2021

Plants

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How to use environmentally friendly technology to enhance rice field and grain quality is a challenge for the scientific community. Here, we showed that the application of molecular hydrogen in the form of hydrogen nanobubble water could increase the length, width, and thickness of brown/rough rice and white rice, as well as 1000-grain weight, compared to the irrigation with ditch water. The above results were well matched with the transcriptional profiles of representative genes related to high yield, including up-regulation of heterotrimeric G protein β-subunit gene (RGB1) for cellular proliferation, Grain size 5 (GS5) for grain width, Small grain 1 (SMG1) for grain length and width, Grain weight 8 (GW8) for grain width and weight, and down-regulation of negatively correlated gene Grain size 3 (GS3) for grain length. Meanwhile, although total starch content in white rice is not altered by HNW, the content of amylose was decreased by 31.6%, which was parallel to the changes in the transcripts of the amylose metabolism genes. In particular, cadmium accumulation in white rice was significantly reduced, reaching 52% of the control group. This phenomenon was correlated well with the differential expression of transporter genes responsible for Cd entering plants, including down-regulated Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (Nramp5), Heavy metal transporting ATPase (HMA2 and HMA3), and Iron-regulated transporters (IRT1), and for decreasing Cd accumulation in grain, including down-regulated Low cadmium (LCD). This study clearly showed that the application of molecular hydrogen might be used as an effective approach to increase field and grain quality of rice.

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Reducing the cadmium, inorganic arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid content of rice through food-safe chemical cooking pre-treatment

Cited by 13 publications

References 24 publications

Widespread Occurrence of the Highly Toxic Dimethylated Monothioarsenate (DMMTA) in Rice Globally

Widespread Occurrence of the Highly Toxic Dimethylated Monothioarsenate (DMMTA) in Rice Globally

Removal of Toxic and Essential Nutrient Elements from Commercial Rice Brands Using Different Washing and Cooking Practices: Human Health Risk Assessment

Molecular Hydrogen Increases Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Rice Grain in Field Trials

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