Reducing Stereotypes of Female Political Leaders in Mexico

Kerevel, Yann P.; Atkeson, Lonna Rae

doi:10.1177/1065912915607637

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…First, the "developmental theory" of the gender gap posits that as human development rises, increasing postmaterialism boosts support for women's leadership (Inglehart and Norris 2003). Second, women's entry into office may affect women's representation long term by raising support for women leaders (e.g., Bhavnani 2009;Kerevel and Atkeson 2015). However, gender quotas can heighten stereotypes by implying that women candidates need special preferences (Bos 2015;Franceschet and Piscopo 2008).…”

Section: Gender Stereotypes Of Leaders In the Americas: Causes And Comentioning

confidence: 95%

Refusing to know a woman’s place: the causes and consequences of rejecting stereotypes of women politicians in the Americas

Smith

Warming

Hennings

2016

Politics, Groups, and Identities

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What are the sources and effects of gendered leadership stereotypes for women's representation? We explore the role of stereotypes in shaping public attitudes toward women's representation using AmericasBarometer survey data from 25 countries. We report three key results. First, the modal respondent in almost every country rejects gendered leadership stereotypes, affirming that women and men leaders are equally qualified on corruption and the economy. This holds even after we attempt to account for social desirability bias. Second, there are significant individual-and country-level determinants of stereotyping. In countries with higher women's representation and labor force participation but without gender quotas, citizens are more likely to choose pro-female and neutral responses over pro-male stereotypes. At the individual level, those rejecting stereotypes are less authoritarian, more supportive of labor market equality, and more leftist than those reporting pro-female stereotypes. Third, the consequences for representation vary by partisanship and country context. Pro-female leadership stereotypes boost support for women presidential candidates and for legislative gender quotas, but they matter less among copartisans of women candidates, and they matter more when women candidates are viable but gendered outsiders. Those rejecting leadership stereotypes altogether are less supportive of quotas. ARTICLE HISTORYWhat are the nature and consequences of gendered leadership stereotypes in developing democracies? We address this question in the case of the Americas, where the number of women elected to presidential office has risen dramatically in the past decade, yet women remain substantially underrepresented at all levels. Growing bodies of work examine the institutional causes and policy consequences of women's representation in Latin America; at the mass level, scholars examine public opinion toward women leaders in the abstract, and how candidate gender affects vote choice. Yet, the connection from mass attitudes such as stereotypes to women's representation in the region has yet to be addressed.Scholars of the US show that gendered leadership stereotypes remain prevalent but are declining, and in recent elections only indirectly affect vote choice; some suggest they do not matter at all (Bauer 2015a, 2015b; Brooks 2013; Ditonto, Hamilton, and Redlawsk 2014; Dolan 2014; Dolan and Lynch 2015). We analyze 2012 public opinion data to understand citizens' stereotypes of the political capabilities of men and women politicians. We make two advances over prior work. First, we examine the extent to which developing democracies exhibit similar gendered leadership stereotypes as in the US. There are reasons to expect differences. For instance, the Americas contain a great range in levels of development, and development is associated feminist attitudes more generally (e.g., Banaszak and Plutzer 1993;Inglehart and Norris 2003;Morgan and Buice 2013;Paxton and Hughes 2007). Second, we distinguish theoretically and empiricall...

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Section: Gender Stereotypes Of Leaders In the Americas: Causes And Comentioning

confidence: 95%

Refusing to know a woman’s place: the causes and consequences of rejecting stereotypes of women politicians in the Americas

Smith

Warming

Hennings

2016

Politics, Groups, and Identities

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“…Even if women do not behave differently than men, their presence matters. Women's presence can have symbolic consequences and shape important perceptions, such as views of women (Alexander 2012;Kerevel and Atkeson 2015), satisfaction with democracy (Schwindt-Bayer 2010), or trust in government (Hinojosa, Fridkin and Kittilson 2017). Yet, recent increases in women's political presence beg the question of whether increasing numbers of women in political institutions has consequences for both policy and women's substantive representation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Representative Budgeting: Women Mayors and the Composition of Spending in Local Governments

Funk

Philips

2018

Political Research Quarterly

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One potential consequence of increasing women's numeric representation is that women elected officials will behave differently than their men counterparts and improve women's substantive representation. This study examines whether electing women to local offices changes how local government expenditures are allocated in ways that benefit women. Using compositional expenditure data from over 5,400 Brazilian municipalities over eight years, we find significant differences in the ways men and women mayors allocate government expenditures. Our findings indicate that women mayors spend more on traditionally feminine issues, and less on traditionally masculine issues, relative to men mayors. In regards to specific policy areas, we find that women spend more on women's issues, including education, healthcare, and social assistance, and less on masculine issues, including transportation and urban development, relative to men mayors. We further find that women's legislative representation significantly influences the allocation of expenditures as a larger percentage of women councilors increases spending on traditionally feminine issues, as well as education, healthcare, and social assistance, relative to other policy issues. These findings indicate that women local elected officials improve women's substantive representation by allocating a larger percentage of expenditures to issues that have historically and continue to concern women in Brazil.Word Count: Approx. 9570 (manuscript), 199 (abstract)

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“…(), to provide some immunity to an exemplar's influence . Indeed, Kerevel and Atkeson () show a strong—if short‐lived—exemplar effect on male constituents of female mayors compared with male constituents without exposure to women leaders.…”

Section: Methods: Survey Experiments Hypotheses and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Clinton Effect? The (Non)Impact of a High‐Profile Candidate on Gender Stereotypes

Kromer

Parry

2019

Social Science Quarterly

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Objectives. Does the presence of a particular high-profile female politician influence how citizens think about women in politics generally? Methods. We randomly assigned respondents in four statewide polls either to receive a cue about Hillary Clinton followed by a battery of questions about women in politics generally, or to hear only the women in politics battery. Results. Drawing on scholarship from social psychology about the role of exemplars in auto evaluation, our results indicate that most individuals still hold gendered perceptions toward women in public office, but also that pushing the Clinton button first neither diminishes nor aggravates gendered expectations broadly. This is true even among males and Republicans, whom past scholarship suggests would be most susceptible to exemplar effects, and regardless of whether respondents were primed to think about Clinton as a diplomat or a candidate. Conclusions. Our findings challenge the view that specific high-profile female politicians will influence public perception of women's leadership qualifications generally.

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Reducing Stereotypes of Female Political Leaders in Mexico

Cited by 21 publications

References 61 publications

Refusing to know a woman’s place: the causes and consequences of rejecting stereotypes of women politicians in the Americas

Refusing to know a woman’s place: the causes and consequences of rejecting stereotypes of women politicians in the Americas

Representative Budgeting: Women Mayors and the Composition of Spending in Local Governments

The Clinton Effect? The (Non)Impact of a High‐Profile Candidate on Gender Stereotypes

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