Reducing Smoking in the US Federal Workforce: 5-Year Health and Economic Impacts From Improved Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes

Asay, Garrett R. Beeler; Homa, David M.; Abramsohn, Erin; Xu, Xin; O’Connor, Erin L.; Wang, Guijing

doi:10.1177/0033354917736300

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…Additional variables that should also be considered are smoking/tobacco usage, which is generally controlled for in studies of ERT and EPT but which is associated with substantially increased CVD and incidence of cancer (13,86,126,157); lifestyle (124,126); hysterectomy; age at menopause or surgically induced menopause (see below); ethnicity (112,157); individual differences (79); lipid profile; body weight/ body mass index (34) and metabolic syndrome, which is associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors such as increased BP, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (4), and lean versus obese women (137); duration of MHT therapy; duration of followup after MHT; weighting of adverse versus beneficial outcomes, e.g., increased risk of specific cancers versus reduced risk of other cancers and osteoporosis; and what is now most apparent, the time between menopause and beginning MHT. Of note, women who never smoked were more likely to have a later age at menopause than current tobacco smokers (39,82).…”

Section: Variations In Mhtmentioning

confidence: 99%

A heartfelt message, estrogen replacement therapy: use it or lose it

Speth

D'Ambra

et al. 2018

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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The issue of cardiovascular and cognitive health in women is complex. During the premenopausal phase of life women have healthy blood pressure (BP) levels that are lower than age-matched men and they have less cardiovascular disease. However, in the post-menopausal stage of life women's BP increases and they are increasingly susceptible to cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairments and dementia, exceeding the incidence in men. The major difference between pre- and post-menopausal women is the loss of estrogen. Thus, it seemed logical that post-menopausal estrogen replacement therapy, with or without a progestin, generally referred to as menopausal hormone treatment (MHT), would prevent these adverse sequelae. However, despite initially promising results, a major randomized clinical trial refuted the benefits of MHT leading to it falling from favor. However, reappraisal of this study in the framework of a "Critical Window", or "Timing Hypothesis" has changed our perspective on the benefit to risk ratio of MHT and this review discusses the historical, current and future approaches to MHT.

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Section: Variations In Mhtmentioning

confidence: 99%

A heartfelt message, estrogen replacement therapy: use it or lose it

Speth

D'Ambra

et al. 2018

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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“…A five percentage-point reduction in smoking prevalence within the US federal workforce could reduce medical costs by $59 million, absenteeism costs by $332 million, and productivity costs due to premature mortality by $117 over a 5-year period. 18 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking Cessation Is Associated With Lower Indirect Costs

Baker

Bruno

Emir³

et al. 2018

Journal of Occupational &Amp; Environmental Medicine

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Objective:This study quantified differences in indirect costs due to decreased work productivity between current and former smokers. Former smokers were further categorized by number of years since quitting to assess corresponding differences.Methods:Data on employed individuals were obtained from the 2013 US National Health and Wellness Survey (NHWS; N = 75,000). Indirect costs were calculated for current smokers and former smokers from weekly wages based on age and sex.Results:The annual total indirect costs for current smokers were $1327.53, $1560.18, and $1839.87 higher than for those who quit 0 to 4 years, 5 to 10 years, and more than or equal to 11 years prior, respectively. There were no significant differences in mean total indirect costs between the former smoker groups.Conclusions:Current smokers showed significantly higher total annual indirect costs compared with former smokers, independently of the number of years since quitting smoking.

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“…Concurrent consumption of alcohol and cigarette smoking further increase the risk of developing these diseases [ 7 ]. Treatment of these diseases has been progressing, with some focusing on ameliorating symptoms in late stage disease, but the most effective treatment is abstinence from using cigarettes and alcohol [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disrupted H2S Signaling by Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol Drinking: Evidence from Cellular, Animal, and Clinical Studies

2021

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The role of endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as an antioxidant regulator has sparked interest in its function within inflammatory diseases. Cigarette and alcohol use are major causes of premature death, resulting from chronic oxidative stress and subsequent tissue damage. The activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant response by H2S suggests that this novel gasotransmitter may function to prevent or potentially reverse disease progression caused by cigarette smoking or alcohol use. The purpose of this study is to review the interrelationship between H2S signaling and cigarette smoking or alcohol drinking. Based on the databases of cellular, animal, and clinical studies from Pubmed using the keywords of H2S, smoking, and/or alcohol, this review article provides a comprehensive insight into disrupted H2S signaling by alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking-caused disorders. Major signaling and metabolic pathways involved in H2S-derived antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses are further reviewed. H2S supplementation may prove to be an invaluable asset in treating or preventing diseases in those suffering from cigarette or alcohol addiction.

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Reducing Smoking in the US Federal Workforce: 5-Year Health and Economic Impacts From Improved Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes

Abstract: Reductions in the prevalence of smoking in the federal workforce could substantially reduce the number of hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction and stroke, lower medical costs, and improve productivity.

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

A heartfelt message, estrogen replacement therapy: use it or lose it

A heartfelt message, estrogen replacement therapy: use it or lose it

Smoking Cessation Is Associated With Lower Indirect Costs

Disrupted H2S Signaling by Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol Drinking: Evidence from Cellular, Animal, and Clinical Studies

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