Reducing mortality associated with opportunistic infections in Atlantic salmon<i>Salmo salar</i>fry using hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid

DiCocco, Anna; May, Travis; Crouse, Curtis; Marancik, David; Phuntumart, Vipaporn; Ghosh, Satyaki; Beligala, Gayathri Udayangika; Redman, Natalie; Murray, Megan; Fischer, Gregory J.; Summerfelt, Steven T.; Good, Christopher

doi:10.1111/are.15155

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…Previous studies have shown that PAA is dose-dependent and can inhibit the in vitro growth of fish bacteria, including Flavobacterium columnare (1-8 mg/L of PAA) 41 , Aeromonas salmonicida (0.1-2 mg/L of PAA) 42 , Yersinia ruckeri (0.1-2 mg/L of PAA) 42 , and Vibrio fischeri (less than 2 mg/L of PAA) 43,44 . PAA (0.2-8 mg/L) has also been effective against Saprolegnia sp., a fungus infection in Ictalurus punctatus (egg) and Salmo salar (fry size) 41,45 . PAA (15 mg/L) treatment eliminates Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a single-celled ciliated protozoan species common parasite known as white spot disease, in all stages including theronts, tomonts, and cysts [46][47][48][49] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peracetic acid treatment of squid eggs infected with parasitic copepod (Ikanecator primus gen. et sp. nov.)

Zoral,

Lajbner,

Zifcakova

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Having been successfully bred in semi-intensive and intensive aquaculture systems, oval squids of the Sepioteuthis lessoniana species complex are emerging as promising candidates for research and industry. Nevertheless, information about pathogens and diseases that may affect squid aquaculture remains sparse. In this study, we identify new parasitic copepod species that causes squid mortality and decreases squid hatching rates, and we also offer a solution to eliminate the pathogen during incubation of squid eggs. The newly discovered copepod Ikanecator primus gen. et sp. nov. was identified on oval squid eggs for the first time using both morphological and molecular diagnostic markers. In the genomes of the copepod and associated microbiome, we identified multiple genes for enzymes involved in cephalopod eggshell degradation in genomes of the copepod and associated microbiome. Furthermore, we conducted experiments to assess efficacy of peracetic acid in inhibiting the I. primus gen. et sp. nov. both in vitro and in vivo using immersion treatment. We established that a 2-min exposure to a concentration of 250 μl/L of peracetic acid containing product (PAA-product; 35 mg/L PAA and 15 mg/L H2O2) inhibited the development of nauplii in vitro. All parasites exposed to a concentration of 500 μl/L of PAA-product (70 mg/L PAA and 30 mg/L H2O2) were eliminated within two minutes. On top of this, the immersion treatment with 500 μl/L of PAA-product (70 mg/L PAA and 30 mg/L H2O2) improved survival of squid embryos and increased size of squid hatchlings compared with control and the immersion treatment with 125 μl/L of PAA-product (17.5 mg/L PAA and 7.5 mg/L H2O2) and the immersion treatment with 250 μl/L of PAA-product (35 mg/L PAA and 15 mg/L H2O2). These findings suggest that PAA holds a great potential as inhibitor and controller of parasitic copepod infections and for overall health management in cephalopod culture.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peracetic acid treatment of squid eggs infected with parasitic copepod (Ikanecator primus gen. et sp. nov.)

Zoral,

Lajbner,

Zifcakova

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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“…PCR assays recognizing various pathogenic microorganisms from fish are common and important in disease diagnostics, and the use of qPCR assays for pathogen eDNA surveillance, especially in aquatic environments, is rapidly increasing [12,15]. While S. parasitica is currently considered one of the major problems, especially in salmonid aquaculture [1][2][3]5], few qPCR assays to detect S. parasitica from water samples have been published [11,24]. Furthermore, to our knowledge, the diagnostic recognition of S. parasitica from fish with PCR has not been published before this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Quantification of the Oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica in Aquaculture Environments

et al. 2022

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Saprolegnia parasitica induces heavy mortality in aquaculture. The detection of S. parasitica is often time consuming and uncertain, making it difficult to manage the disease. We validated a previously published real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay to confirm the presence of S. parasitica in fish and in water using environmental DNA (eDNA) quantification. Analytical sensitivity and specificity of the assay was assessed in silico, in vitro and the qPCR assay was compared with microbiological cultivation methods to detect and quantify S. parasitica in water samples from a controlled fish exposure experiment and from fish farms. Furthermore, we compared the use of an agar cultivation method and the qPCR assay to detect S. parasitica directly from mucus samples taken from the fish surface. The analytical sensitivity and specificity of the qPCR assay were high. The qPCR assay detected 100% of S. parasitica-positive water samples. In a field study, the qPCR assay and a microwell plate (MWP) enumeration method correlated significantly. Furthermore, the qPCR assay could be used to confirm the presence of S. parasitica in skin mucus. Thus, the qPCR assay could complement diagnostic methods in specifically detecting saprolegniosis in fish and used as a surveillance method for S. parasitica pathogen in aquaculture environments.

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“…PAA is a disinfectant with several advantages for improving the rearing environment, but there are still risks involved in its use ( Pedersen et al, 2009 ; Pedersen et al, 2013 ; Pedersen and Lazado, 2020 ; Dicocco et al, 2021 ). Therefore, exploring its application as a disinfectant in RAS must be supported by data on its health impacts on fish.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mode of Application of Peracetic Acid-Based Disinfectants has a Minimal Influence on the Antioxidant Defences and Mucosal Structures of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Parr

et al. 2022

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Peracetic acid (PAA) is an oxidative disinfectant with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and low environmental impact. In this study, we investigated the physiological impacts of PAA application in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr reared in freshwater recirculating aquaculture systems over a 4-week period. PAA at a target concentration of 1 mg/L was administered either in pulse (every 3 days) or continuous. The group that did not receive PAA served as a control. Fish tissue samples were collected for histology, gene expression, and biochemical analyses at day 0 and after 2 and 4 weeks of exposure. The expression of genes encoding for antioxidant defence in the olfactory organs, skin, and gills changed during the trial, but the temporal effects were more pronounced than inter-treatment impacts. The glutathione group of antioxidant genes was more responsive to PAA. In most cases, an upregulation was observed. Significantly lower levels of reactive oxygen species were identified in the plasma and skin mucus of the two PAA-exposed groups at week 4; nonetheless, significantly increased levels of total antioxidant capacity were only observed in the skin mucus of fish from the continuous treatment group. Additional markers of oxidative stress (i.e., 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine and o,o'-dityrosine) were analysed in the skin, gills, liver, and dorsal fins. These markers were unaffected by the two PAA treatments. Sporadic reversible structural alterations were observed in the three mucosal organs; the changes were time-dependent, and the effects of PAA treatment were minimal. The number of mucous cells varied over time but not within treatments except in the skin of the pulse group at week 4 where a reduction was observed. The ratio of acidic and neutral mucous cells in the skin and gills were affected by PAA treatments especially in the pulse group. Overall, this study revealed that Atlantic salmon parr mobilised mucosal and systemic antioxidant defences against the oxidative disinfectant PAA, but it was evident that the mode of application did not impose a strong influence. The minimal effects of PAA application on the indicators of health and welfare underscore the potential use of PAA as a routine disinfectant in recirculating aquaculture systems.

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Reducing mortality associated with opportunistic infections in Atlantic salmonSalmo salarfry using hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid

Cited by 6 publications

References 35 publications

Peracetic acid treatment of squid eggs infected with parasitic copepod (Ikanecator primus gen. et sp. nov.)

Peracetic acid treatment of squid eggs infected with parasitic copepod (Ikanecator primus gen. et sp. nov.)

Detection and Quantification of the Oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica in Aquaculture Environments

Mode of Application of Peracetic Acid-Based Disinfectants has a Minimal Influence on the Antioxidant Defences and Mucosal Structures of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Parr

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