Reducing fiscal pressure under the Stability Pact

On the Experimental Analysis of Integral Sliding Modes for Yaw Rate and Sideslip Control of an Electric Vehicle with Multiple Motors

“…The steady-state value of the reference yaw rate, ‫ݎ‬ ் = ‫ݎ‬ ் ሺߜ, ‫,ݒ‬ ܽ ௫ , ߤሻ, is determined from a look-up table derived with a quasi-static vehicle model through the offline procedure described in (De Novellis et al, 2015a;De Novellis et al, 2015b), to achieve a reference set of understeer characteristics, i.e., the graphs of steering wheel angle as a function of lateral acceleration. The same vehicle includes multiple driving modes, such as the Normal, Sport and Enhanced Sport modes, each of them corresponding to different understeer characteristics.…”

“…The LQR of this section will be used in the remainder: i) on its own, as term of comparison of the ISMC, since LQRs are adopted in stability control systems of production vehicles (van Zanten et al, 1995;van Zanten, 2000); ii) in association with a non-linear feedforward contribution, generated through the procedure described in (De Novellis et al, 2015a;De Novellis et al, 2014a), and indicated as LQR+FF; and iii) as nominal controller, to which the sliding mode contribution of the ISMC as a perturbation compensator is summed. The LQR design is based the well-known linearized single-track vehicle model (Milliken et al, 1994).…”

Tax Systems and Tax Reforms in New EU Member States

“…Second, and by far the most important, the present design of SGP does not appear consistent with a single monetary policy set for a group of countries characterized by persistently differ-ent rates of inflation. As shown in our previous work (De Novellis and Parlato 2004) and in Creel and Le Cacheux (2003), this situation could entail divergent dynamics in the public finances of each European country, thus hindering a transition toward a steady state in which member states are economically homogeneous. As a corollary, homogeneous fiscal rules defined in the Stability and Growth Pact are ill suited and might even be counterproductive, exacerbating such diverging paths.…”

“…Problems started with the economic slowdown of late 2000. The need for reforming the SGP became increasingly obvious in the course of 2002, when some (the most important) countries experienced a pro-cyclical policy mix due to extremely simple and homogeneous rules for the European Union, which is instead still heterogeneous and characterized by persistent inflation differentials (Creel and Le Cacheux 2003;De Novellis and Parlato 2004). The violation of the deficit ceiling of 3 percent on GDP by half of all EU countries expected for 2004 (European Commission 2004) has made the debate on the rewriting of the pact deferrable no longer.…”