Reducing emissions from deforestation—The “combined incentives” mechanism and empirical simulations

Strassburg, Bernardo B. N.; Turner, R. Kerry; Fisher, Brendan; Schaeffer, Roberto; Lovett, Andrew A.

doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.11.004

Cited by 163 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…-the discrimination between countries with high and low deforestation rates and the introduction of a "global" baseline rate for the latter (Mollicone et al 2007), -the allocation of credits to an individual country by applying a formula that combines a measure of individual country performance against their own historic emissions' baseline, and performance against a global emissions' baseline (Strassburg et al 2009), -the allocation of credits to countries as a function of both reduced emissions from deforestation -as compared with historical rate-, and as dividends for maintaining carbon stocks-as a proportion of global forest carbon stocks Cattaneo 2010), -a separate system not based on carbon stock changes but rewarding conservation activities or sustainable management of forests by evaluating policies and measures undertaken and achieved (Meridian Institute 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The global climate change mitigation strategy REDD: monitoring costs and uncertainties jeopardize economic benefits

2012

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REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) has been suggested as a climate change mitigation strategy that is based on the philosophy to reward countries for reducing their deforestation and forest degradation by financial benefits via the generation of carbon credits. While the potential of REDD has been widely discussed, minor attention has been drawn to the implication of uncertainties and costs associated with the estimation of carbon stock changes. To raise awareness of these issues, we conducted a simulation study for a set of countries that show high to low deforestation rates, which demonstrates that the potential to generate benefits from REDD depends highly on the magnitude of the total error while assessment costs and the price of carbon credits play a minor role. For countries with low deforestation rates REDD is obviously not an option for generating benefits as they would need to implement monitoring systems that are able to estimate carbon stock changes with a total error well below 1 %. Total errors feasible under operational monitoring systems are only sufficient to gain revenues from REDDregimes under high deforestation rates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The global climate change mitigation strategy REDD: monitoring costs and uncertainties jeopardize economic benefits

2012

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“…If premiums are offered to farmers committed to comply with environmental and social guidelines of sustainable production, their products will also benefit from added value. Payment for Environmental Services (PES) schemes, including REDD+ (Strassburg et al, 2009), will thus benefit farmers that provide carbon sequestration or more local ecosystem services.…”

Section: Socioeconomic Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intensification of cattle ranching production systems: socioeconomic and environmental synergies and risks in Brazil

Latawiec

Strassburg

Valentim

et al. 2014

Animal

116

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Intensification of Brazilian cattle ranching systems has attracted both national and international attention due to its direct relation with Amazon deforestation on the one hand and increasing demand of the global population for meat on the other. Since Brazilian cattle ranching is predominantly pasture-based, we particularly focus on pasture management. We summarize the most recurrent opportunities and risks associated with pasture intensification that are brought up within scientific and political dialogues, and discuss them within the Brazilian context. We argue that sustainable intensification of pasturelands in Brazil is a viable way to increase agricultural output while simultaneously sparing land for nature. Since environmental degradation is often associated with low-yield extensive systems in Brazil, it is possible to obtain higher yields, while reversing degradation, by adopting practices like rotational grazing, incorporation of legumes and integrated crop-livestock-forestry systems. Technical assistance is however essential, particularly for small-and medium-scale farmers. Sound complementary policies and good governance must accompany these measures so that a 'rebound effect' does not lead to increased deforestation and other adverse social and environmental impacts. It is also important that animal welfare is not compromised. Although the discussion is presented with respect to Brazil, some aspects are relevant to other developing countries.

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“…Third, we produced a map of the likelihood of future land-cover change in United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) non-Annex I countries (mostly developing countries) until 2050. Finally, we illustrate the potential applications of these approaches by combining land-cover change scenarios and a terrestrial carbon map to estimate the impact of a proposed reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) scheme (UNFCCC 2010;Strassburg et al 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biophysical suitability, economic pressure and land-cover change: a global probabilistic approach and insights for REDD+

Strassburg

Latawiec

Creed³

et al. 2013

Sustain Sci

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There has been a concerted effort by the international scientific community to understand the multiple causes and patterns of land-cover change to support sustainable land management. Here, we examined biophysical suitability, and a novel integrated index of ''Economic Pressure on Land'' (EPL) to explain land cover in the year 2000, and estimated the likelihood of future land-cover change through 2050, including protected area effectiveness. Biophysical suitability and EPL explained almost half of the global pattern of land cover (R 2 = 0.45), increasing to almost two-thirds in areas where a long-term equilibrium is likely to have been reached (e.g. R 2 = 0.64 in Europe). We identify a high likelihood of future landcover change in vast areas with relatively lower current and past deforestation (e.g. the Congo Basin). Further, we simulated emissions arising from a ''business as usual'' and two reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) scenarios by incorporating data on biomass carbon. As our model incorporates all biome types, it highlights a crucial aspect of the ongoing REDD ? debate: if restricted to forests, ''cross-biome leakage'' would severely reduce REDD ? effectiveness for climate change mitigation. If forests were protected from deforestation yet without measures to tackle the drivers of land-cover change, REDD ? would only reduce 30 % of total emissions from land-cover change. Fifty-five percent of emissions reductions from forests would be compensated by increased emissions in other biomes. These results suggest that, although REDD ? remains a very promising mitigation tool, implementation of complementary measures to reduce land demand is necessary to prevent this leakage.

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Reducing emissions from deforestation—The “combined incentives” mechanism and empirical simulations

Cited by 163 publications

References 39 publications

The global climate change mitigation strategy REDD: monitoring costs and uncertainties jeopardize economic benefits

The global climate change mitigation strategy REDD: monitoring costs and uncertainties jeopardize economic benefits

Intensification of cattle ranching production systems: socioeconomic and environmental synergies and risks in Brazil

Biophysical suitability, economic pressure and land-cover change: a global probabilistic approach and insights for REDD+

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