Reducing Ecotoxicity

Abstract

The sections in this article are Introduction to Key Aspects of Ecotoxicology Protection Goals and Assessment Endpoints Structure and Function in Ecosystems Diversity of Sensitivity in Ecosystems Hazard Assessment and Uncertainty Environmental Fate and Pathways of Exposure to Chemicals in the Environment Properties Affecting Bioavailability Properties Affecting Bioconcentration and Biomagnification Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Chemicals Modeling Exposure Mechanisms of Toxic Action Properties Affecting Toxicity Modeling Toxicity Examples of Methods That Can Be Used in Designing Chemicals with Reduced Ecological Risks Fluorinated Surfactants Pesticides Designing Pesticides for Lack of Persistence Designing Specific Isomers to Reduce Risk in the Environment Developing Pesticides That Are More Specific to the Target Organism Ranking and Prioritizing Pesticides in Terms of Risk to the Environment Pharmaceuticals Macro‐ and Micro‐Contaminants Produced During Manufacture Overview, Conclusions, and the Path Forward