A majority of homes in the United States (US) receive
household
water services via complete in-home plumbing. Observers tend to assume
that in the US, there is an upward trend in plumbing access; yet in
some Alaska communities, the rate is in fact a downward trend. This
study seeks to identify, while considering the spatiotemporal variations
in the region, the sociodemographic parameters that are correlated
with the rates of in-home plumbing in Alaska communities. Equipped
with American Community Survey data from 2011 to 2015, we employed
a fixed-effects regression analysis. Our findings show that, concerning
complete in-home plumbing, there was a statistically significant decrease
in close to a quarter (23%) of census-designated places in Alaska.
Access to complete plumbing is correlated to multiple sociodemographic
characteristics, including the percentage of households that (1) receive
social security, (2) are valued under $150,000, and (3) are renter-occupied
units paying for one or more utilities. Our results help decision-makers
efficiently allocate government funds by showing where service is
deteriorating as well as the potential predictors of such decline.
Our study reveals the pressing need to invest in not only new water
systems but also maintenance, operations, and capital improvements.