Reduced sulfur gases in saline lakes of the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica

Gibson, John A.E.; Garrick, Russell C.; Franzmann, P.D.; Deprez, Patrick P.; Burton, Harry R.

doi:10.1016/0031-0182(91)90040-x

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The claim of having the highest DMS concentrations of any natural aquatic environment was made previously in the hypersaline, meromictic Organic Lake, Antarctica (Gibson et al 1991) and again in the permanently ice-covered Lake Bonney, Antarctica (Lee et al 2004). A concentration of 4.4 mmol L 21 of DMS was detected in the anoxylimnion, which was reported to be a result of the degradation of DMSP, in Organic Lake and .0.3 mmol L 21 in Lake Bonney (Gibson et al 1991;Lee et al 2004). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimethyl sulfide production in a saline eutrophic lake, Salton Sea, California

Reese

Anderson

2009

Limnol. Oceanogr.

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The concentrations and distribution of volatile organic sulfur compounds were quantified over a 13-month period in the Salton Sea, a warm eutrophic saline lake in Southern California, U.S.A. The concentrations of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) appear to be the highest reported thus far for a natural body of water, with an average surface (0-2 m) concentration of 2.5 mmol L 21 . DMS concentrations as high as 11 mmol L 21 were measured, and the concentrations of DMS correlated strongly with chlorophyll a (r 2 5 0.62, n 5 265, p , 0.05). Dimethyl disulfide was also measured; concentrations were much lower than DMS and often below detection (,0.01-0.32 mmol L 21 ). Carbon disulfide concentrations were low (,0.03 mmol L 21 ) and associated with strongly reduced conditions. Very high concentrations of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), an osmolyte in marine algae, were also measured (average total DMSP of 2.4 mmol L 21 ), with concentrations strongly correlated with chlorophyll a (r 2 5 0.88, n 5 36, p , 0.05). The biomass of the Salton Sea is composed mostly of marine phytoplankton species that are high DMSP producers; based on the correlations of DMS, chlorophyll a, and DMSP, it appears that the DMS in the Salton Sea is directly linked to algal biomass through DMSP. As a result of its very high DMS concentrations, the average estimated volatilization at the Salton Sea (480 mmol m 22 d 21 ) was greater than estimates for other lakes and the open ocean. We calculate ,9.6 3 10 5 mol of DMS was volatilized off the surface of the Sea during the course of this study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimethyl sulfide production in a saline eutrophic lake, Salton Sea, California

Reese

Anderson

2009

Limnol. Oceanogr.

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“…Based on the abundance of marker genes, DMSP cleavage is predicted to occur at highest levels in the deep zone (Figure 4c) where the DMS concentration has been measured to be highest (Deprez et al, 1986;Franzmann et al, 1987b;Gibson et al, 1991;. Consistent with DMS levels, the concentration of DMSP (Gibson et al, 1991) and DMSO (J Gibson, unpublished results) in the bottom zone of Organic Lake has also been found to be high, although DMSP levels reported in a separate study were not as high , possibly reflecting technical difficulties measuring methylated sulfur compounds. In these studies (Gibson et al, 1991;, chlorophyll a levels were not measured.…”

Section: Molecular Basis For Unusual Sulfur Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The salt and marine biota in the lake originate from seawater that was trapped in a basin B3000 years BP when the continental ice sheet receded and the land rose above sea level (Bird et al, 1991;Zwartz et al, 1998;Gibson, 1999). The bottom water of Organic Lake is unusual due to the absence of hydrogen sulfide and the high concentration of the gas dimethylsulfide (DMS), dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and polysulfides (Deprez et al, 1986;Franzmann et al, 1987b;Gibson et al, 1991;. Concentrations of DMS as high as 5000 nM have been recorded in Organic Lake (Gibson et al, 1991), 100 times the maximum concentration recorded from seawater in the adjacent Prydz Bay and at least 1000 times that of the open Southern Ocean (Curran and Jones, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is shallow (6.8 m) and has variable surface water temperatures ( À 14 to þ 15 1C) while remaining sub-zero throughout most of its depth (Franzmann et al, 1987b;Gibson et al, 1991;Gibson, 1999). The lake has a high organic load generated from autochthonous production, and input from penguins and terrestrial algae (for example, in soaks, shallow ephemeral streams and depressions), and nutrient turnover is expected to be slow due to the constraints imposed on microbial activity by the lake's hypersalinity (B230 g l À 1 maximum salinity) and low temperature (Franzmann et al, 1987b;Gibson et al, 1991;Gibson, 1999). The salt and marine biota in the lake originate from seawater that was trapped in a basin B3000 years BP when the continental ice sheet receded and the land rose above sea level (Bird et al, 1991;Zwartz et al, 1998;Gibson, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metagenomic insights into strategies of carbon conservation and unusual sulfur biogeochemistry in a hypersaline Antarctic lake

et al. 2013

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Organic Lake is a shallow, marine-derived hypersaline lake in the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica that has the highest reported concentration of dimethylsulfide (DMS) in a natural body of water. To determine the composition and functional potential of the microbial community and learn about the unusual sulfur chemistry in Organic Lake, shotgun metagenomics was performed on size-fractionated samples collected along a depth profile. Eucaryal phytoflagellates were the main photosynthetic organisms. Bacteria were dominated by the globally distributed heterotrophic taxa Marinobacter, Roseovarius and Psychroflexus. The dominance of heterotrophic degradation, coupled with low fixation potential, indicates possible net carbon loss. However, abundant marker genes for aerobic anoxygenic phototrophy, sulfur oxidation, rhodopsins and CO oxidation were also linked to the dominant heterotrophic bacteria, and indicate the use of photo-and lithoheterotrophy as mechanisms for conserving organic carbon. Similarly, a high genetic potential for the recycling of nitrogen compounds likely functions to retain fixed nitrogen in the lake. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) lyase genes were abundant, indicating that DMSP is a significant carbon and energy source. Unlike marine environments, DMSP demethylases were less abundant, indicating that DMSP cleavage is the likely source of high DMS concentration. DMSP cleavage, carbon mixotrophy (photoheterotrophy and lithoheterotrophy) and nitrogen remineralization by dominant Organic Lake bacteria are potentially important adaptations to nutrient constraints. In particular, carbon mixotrophy relieves the extent of carbon oxidation for energy production, allowing more carbon to be used for biosynthetic processes. The study sheds light on how the microbial community has adapted to this unique Antarctic lake environment.

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“…Organic Lake is a shallow (7 m) hypersaline (≈230 g L −1 maximum salinity) meromictic lake with a high concentration of dimethylsulphide (≈120 μg L −1 ) in its anoxic monimolimnion (17,18). Water temperature at the surface of the lake can vary from −14 to +15°C while remaining subzero at depth (19,20).…”

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confidence: 99%

Virophage control of antarctic algal host–virus dynamics

Yau¹,

Lauro²,

DeMaere³

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

252

324

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Viruses are abundant ubiquitous members of microbial communities and in the marine environment affect population structure and nutrient cycling by infecting and lysing primary producers. Antarctic lakes are microbially dominated ecosystems supporting truncated food webs in which viruses exert a major influence on the microbial loop. Here we report the discovery of a virophage (relative of the recently described Sputnik virophage) that preys on phycodnaviruses that infect prasinophytes (phototrophic algae). By performing metaproteogenomic analysis on samples from Organic Lake, a hypersaline meromictic lake in Antarctica, complete virophage and near-complete phycodnavirus genomes were obtained. By introducing the virophage as an additional predator of a predator-prey dynamic model we determined that the virophage stimulates secondary production through the microbial loop by reducing overall mortality of the host and increasing the frequency of blooms during polar summer light periods. Virophages remained abundant in the lake 2 y later and were represented by populations with a high level of major capsid protein sequence variation (25-100% identity). Virophage signatures were also found in neighboring Ace Lake (in abundance) and in two tropical lakes (hypersaline and fresh), an estuary, and an ocean upwelling site. These findings indicate that virophages regulate host-virus interactions, influence overall carbon flux in Organic Lake, and play previously unrecognized roles in diverse aquatic ecosystems.metagenomics | metaproteomics | East Antarctica | Vestfold Hills | microbial ecology

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Reduced sulfur gases in saline lakes of the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica

Cited by 24 publications

References 29 publications

Dimethyl sulfide production in a saline eutrophic lake, Salton Sea, California

Dimethyl sulfide production in a saline eutrophic lake, Salton Sea, California

Metagenomic insights into strategies of carbon conservation and unusual sulfur biogeochemistry in a hypersaline Antarctic lake

Virophage control of antarctic algal host–virus dynamics

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