“…TNF-α has important roles in neurogenesis, neuronal cell death, and innate and adaptive immune response (19). Studies on TNF-α vary from higher levels (15, 20–29), no difference (30–40), and lower levels in schizophrenia (41–45). IL-6 has pro-inflammatory and, under certain conditions, anti-inflammatory effects (46), and was elevated in nearly two-thirds of the published reports (15, 22, 24, 28, 29, 35–39, 44, 47–62), no different in a third (20, 21, 23, 26, 30–32, 34, 45, 63–67), and lower in schizophrenia in one study (68).…”