Reduced-scale Experiments On The Water Suppression Of A Rack-storage Commodity Fire For Calibration Of A Cfd Fire Model

Hamins, Anthony P.; McGrattan, Kevin B.

doi:10.3801/iafss.fss.7-457

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…When a liquid droplet hits a solid horizontal surface, it is assigned a random horizontal direction and moves at a fixed velocity until it reaches the edge, at which point it drops straight down at the same fixed velocity. This "dripping" velocity has been measured for water to be on the order of 0.5 m/s [88,89]. While attached to a surface, the "droplet" is assumed to form a thin film of liquid that transfers heat to the solid, and heat and mass to the gas.…”

Section: Droplet Transport On a Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Fire dynamics simulator technical reference guide volume 1 :

McGrattan¹,

McDermott²,

Weinschenk³

et al. 2013

449

436

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Section: Droplet Transport On a Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Fire dynamics simulator technical reference guide volume 1 :

McGrattan¹,

McDermott²,

Weinschenk³

et al. 2013

449

436

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“…In the late 1990s, FDS was used to simulate large scale rack storage fires to determine the effectiveness of the combined use of sprinklers, roof vents, and draft curtains (curtain boards). As part of this effort, a considerable amount of work was done to characterize the thermal properties of Group A Plastic (Hamins and McGrattan 2003). Because Group A Plastic has been shown to be fairly representative of fires fiieled by a mixture of paper (cellulosic materials) and plastic, and because it has been used in numerous FDS simulations, it was decided to model the miscellaneous contents of the office workstations with a fuel similar to Group A Plastic.…”

Section: Modeling Of the Building Combustiblesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstruction of the fires in the World Trade Center towers

Gann¹,

Hamins²,

McGrattan³

et al. 2005

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Certain commercial entities, equipment, products, or materials are identified in this document in order to describe a procedure or concept adequately or to trace the history of the procedures and practices used. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation, endorsement, or implication that the entities, products, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. Nor does such identification imply a finding of fault or negligence by the National Institute of .Standards and Technology. Disclaimer No. 2 The policy of NIST is to use the International System of Units (metric units) in all publications. In this document, however, units are presented in metric units or the inch-pound system, whichever is prevalent in the discipline. Disclaimer No. 3 Pursuant to section 7 of the National Construction Safety Team Act, the NIST Director has determined that certain evidence received by NIST in the course of this Investigation is "voluntarily provided safety-related information" that is "not directly related to the building failure being investigated" and that "disclosure of that information would inhibit the voluntary provision of that type of information" (15 USC 7306c). In addition, a substantial portion of the evidence collected by NIST in the course of the Investigation has been provided to NIST under nondisclosure agreements. Disclaimer No. 4 NIST takes no position as to whether the design or construction of a WTC building was compliant with any code since, due to the destruction of the WTC buildings, NIST could not verify the actual (or as-built) construction, the properties and condition of the materials used, or changes to the original construction made over the life of the buildings. In addition, NIST could not verify the interpretations of codes used by applicable authorities in determining compliance when implementing building codes. Where an Investigation report states whether a system was designed or installed as required by a code provision, NIST has documentary or anecdotal evidence indicating whether the requirement was met, or NIST has independently conducted tests or analyses indicating whether the requirement was met. Use in Legal Proceedings No part of any report resulting from a NIST investigation into a structural failure or from an investigation under the National Construction Safety Team Act may be used in any suit or action for damages arising out of any matter mentioned in such report (15 USC 281a; as amended by P.L. 107-231).

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“…the simulations of the fires within the WTC, the chair, computer, paper, and other miscellaneous items within the workstation were modeled as a composite material by lumping their mass together into large In the late 1990s, FDS was used to simulate large scale rack storage fires to determine the effectiveness of the combined use of sprinklers, roof vents and draft curtains (curtain boards). As part of this effort, a considerable amount of work was done to characterize the thermal properties of Group A Plastic(Hamins and McGrattan 2003). Because Group A Plastic has been shown to be fairly representative of fires fueled by a mixture of paper (cellulosic materials) and plastic, and because it has been used in numerous FDS simulations, it was decided to model the miscellaneous contents of the office workstations with a fuel similar to Group A Plastic.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer simulation of the fires in the World Trade Center towers

McGrattan¹,

Bouldin²,

Forney³

2005

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Pursuant to section 7 of the National Construction Safety Team Act, the NIST Director has determined that certain evidence received by NIST in the course of this Investigation is "voluntarily provided safety-related information" that is "not directly related to the building failure being investigated" and that "disclosure of that information would inhibit the voluntary provision of that type of information" (15 USC 7306c).In addition, a substantial portion of the evidence collected by NIST in the course of the Investigation has been provided to NIST under nondisclosure agreements. Disclaimer No. 4 NIST takes no position as to whether the design or construction of a WTC building was compliant with any code since, due to the destruction of the WTC buildings, NIST could not verify the actual (or as-built) construction, the properties and condition of the materials used, or changes to the original construction made over the life of the buildings. In addition, NIST could not verify the interpretations of codes used by applicable authorities in determining compliance when implementing building codes. Where an Investigation report states whether a system was designed or installed as required by a code provision, NIST has documentary or anecdotal evidence indicating whether the requirement was met, or NIST has independently conducted tests or analyses indicating whether the requirement was met. AbstractThis report presents the results of numerical simulations of the fires in World Trade Center (WTC) 1 and WTC 2 on September 11, 2001. The calculations were performed with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Fire Dynamics Simulator, a computational fluid dynamics model that describes the flow of smoke and hot gases from a fire. Before performing the simulations, the model was validated by comparing its predictions with measurements from a series of large scale fire experiments performed at NIST. The model also was enhanced to better describe the pyrolysis of charring fuels, like wood; and the computer program was re-configured to run on multiple processors. Input data for the simulations of WTC 1 and WTC 2 consisted of descriptions of the properties of typical office furnishings and jet fuel, floor layouts, exterior damage, and interior damage estimates. Results of the simulations were compared with visual observations. Predicted temperatures and gas concentrations were subsequently used to analyze the temperatures within steel trusses and columns. Abstract This page intentionally left blank. IV

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Reduced-scale Experiments On The Water Suppression Of A Rack-storage Commodity Fire For Calibration Of A Cfd Fire Model

Cited by 25 publications

References 10 publications

Fire dynamics simulator technical reference guide volume 1 :

Fire dynamics simulator technical reference guide volume 1 :

Reconstruction of the fires in the World Trade Center towers

Computer simulation of the fires in the World Trade Center towers

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