Reduced Rank Regression-Derived Dietary Patterns Related to the Fatty Liver Index and Associations with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Ghanaian Populations under Transition: The RODAM Study

Abstract

The Fatty Liver Index (FLI) is a proxy for the steatotic component of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). For sub-Saharan African populations, the contribution of dietary factors to the development of NAFLD in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains to be clarified. We identified sex-specific dietary patterns (DPs) related to the FLI using reduced ranked regression (RRR) and evaluated the associations of these DPs with T2DM. This analysis used data from the RODAM, a multi-center cross-sectional study of Ghanaian populations living in Ghana and Europe. The daily intake frequencies of 30 food groups served as the predictor variables, while the FLI was the response variable. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for T2DM were calculated per one standard deviation increase in the DP score using logistic regression. In males, the DP score explained 9.9% of the variation in their food intake and 16.0% of the variation in the FLI. This DP was characterized by high intakes of poultry, whole-grain cereals, coffee and tea, condiments, and potatoes, and the chance of T2DM was 45% higher per 1 DP score-SD (Model 2). Our results indicate that the intake of modernized foods was associated with proxies of NAFLD, possibly underlying the metabolic pathways to developing T2DM.

An Oxylipin-Related Nutrient Pattern and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY)

“…NP1 explained 9.5% of the variation in genetically adjusted PC1 and 0.01% of the variation of genetically adjusted PC2, so this nutrient pattern may be measuring a diet that promotes a state of resiliency to stress. This is a similar percent explained in other RRRs with biomarkers as response variables [ 89 , 90 , 91 ] and similar factor loadings to other RRR-derived dietary patterns [ 92 , 93 , 94 ].…”

Cohort profile: Research on Obesity and Diabetes among African Migrants in Europe and Africa Prospective (RODAM-Pros) cohort study

“…23 24 The RODAM study has identified various cross-sectional factors associated with CVD risk factors. [25][26][27] In addition, the study has resulted in the first EWAS for type 2 diabetes in SSA, in which we identified several CpG sites that were differentially methylated between type 2 diabetes cases and controls at an epigenome-wide level. 28 In our study of epigenome-wide DNA methylation differences between migrant and non-migrant Ghanaians, we identified 13 differentially methylated positions and 3 differentially methylated regions between migrants and non-migrants, with DNA methylation differences ranging from 0.1 to 4.5%.…”

Transitioning food environments and diets of African migrants: implications for non-communicable diseases

“…Food environments include physical, economic, policy, and socio-cultural surroundings, opportunities, and conditions that influence people's food consumption patterns, and acknowledge them as determinants of health (12) . Migration to a HIC is also accompanied by changes in the physical environment and the adoption of dietary behaviour of the host country (13,14) , which have been associated with the risk of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs), obesity and T2D (8,15) . As a response to this rising burden of NR-NCDs, the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends preventive strategies that target underlying modifiable behaviours like dietary behaviours and social determinants through the creation of healthier food environments (16) .…”