“…Typically, the construction of projection-based ROMs includes two major steps: 1) An offline stage in which a small number of expensive FOM simulations are performed over a range of target parameters to obtain a low-dimensional subspace that approximates the high-dimensional FOM solution space; and 2) The online stage which projects the FOM equations onto the low-dimensional subspace, leading to a set of reduced equations for the ROM. Over the past decade, projected-based ROMs have been successfully demonstrated in many areas such as flow control [10,11,12], aeroelasticity [13,14], shape optimization [15,16,17,18], aerodynamics [19,20,21], building digital twins [22,23], hypersonics [24], rocket combustion [9,7,25,26], and detonation [27].…”