Reduced obesity, diabetes, and steatosis upon cinnamon and grape pomace are associated with changes in gut microbiota and markers of gut barrier

Abstract

Increasing evidence suggests that polyphenols have a significant potential in the prevention and treatment of risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study was to assess the metabolic outcomes of two polyphenol-containing extracts from cinnamon bark (CBE) and grape pomace (GPE) on C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 wk. Both CBE and GPE were able to decrease fat mass gain and adipose tissue inflammation in mice fed a HFD without reducing food intake. This was associated with reduced liver steatosis and lower plasma nonesterified fatty acid levels. We also observed a beneficial effect on glucose homeostasis, as evidenced by an improved glucose tolerance and a lower insulin resistance index. These ameliorations of the overall metabolic profile were associated with a significant impact on the microbial composition, which was more profound for the GPE than for the CBE. At the genus level, Peptococcus were decreased in the CBE group. In the GPE-treated group, several key genera that have been previously found to be linked with HFD, metabolic effects, and gut barrier integrity were affected: we observed a decrease of Desulfovibrio, Lactococcus, whereas Allobaculum and Roseburia were increased. In addition, the expression of several antimicrobial peptides and tight junction proteins was increased in response to both CBE and GPE supplementation, indicating an improvement of the gut barrier function. Collectively, these data suggest that CBE and GPE can ameliorate the overall metabolic profile of mice on a high-fat diet, partly by acting on the gut microbiota.

A Two‐Week Treatment with Plant Extracts Changes Gut Microbiota, Caecum Metabolome, and Markers of Lipid Metabolism in ob/ob Mice

“…Thus, multiple strategies targeting gut microbiota dysbiosis may be effective in restoring physiological conditions. One of these strategies is the use of prebiotics, originally defined as to “non‐digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria already resident in the colon.” In several experimental models of dysbiotic gut microbiota, including those of obesity induced by a fat‐rich diet, prebiotics dampened the effects of the diet and intestinal inflammation by acting on the gut microbiota …”

“…The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) proposed the following update of the prebiotic definition: “a substrate selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit.” This new definition expands the concept of prebiotic to polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytochemicals, and phenolics. Recent studies have suggested that plant extracts rich in polyphenols might modulate a dysbiotic gut microbiota in various animal models including mice fed on a fat‐rich diet . Based on this evidence, we conducted a proof‐of‐concept study in ob/ob mice, a well‐known model of gut microbiota dysbiosis (increased Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio) and metabolic disease to evaluate the ability of Porphyra umbilicalis and Melissa officinalis L .…”

Effects of cinnamon supplementation on body weight and composition in adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of controlled clinical trials

“…Furthermore, it activates transient receptor potential‐ankyrin receptor 1 (TRPA1) and genes involved in fatty acid oxidation in adipose tissue. Cinnamon might also stimulate interscapular brown adipose tissue and hyperinsulinemia, decrease serum leptin levels, regulate the expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBPs) family, change the gut microbiota and markers of the gut barrier, and prevent adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis (Camacho et al, ; Lee, Siaw, & Kang, ; Shatwan, Ahmed, & Badkook, ; Van Hul et al, ).…”

Considering gut microbiota in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…75 Water-ethanol extract of green macroalgae Enteromorpha prolifera and Oil tea (green tea and ginger) enriched Lachnospiraceae has been reported after intake of in animal studies, 76,77 wherein it was suggested to underlie its beneficial impact on glycemic control. Extracts of cinnamon bark and grape pomace induced a decrease in Peptococcus, Desulfovibrio, Lactococcus abundances and an increase in Allobaculum and Roseburia abundances, 78 which associated with decreased fat mass, reduced adipose inflammation, and improved glucose tolerance. 78 The notion that beneficial impacts of herbal extracts are mediated by reduced inflammation is supported by a study that found D. loddigesii and Houttuynia cordata, which are traditional Chinese treatment for T2D results decreased abundance of Gram negative bacteria including E. coli and Bacteriodetes fragilis that was suggested to improve T2D by reducing exposure to LPS absorption and subsequently inflammatory.…”

“…Extracts of cinnamon bark and grape pomace induced a decrease in Peptococcus, Desulfovibrio, Lactococcus abundances and an increase in Allobaculum and Roseburia abundances, 78 which associated with decreased fat mass, reduced adipose inflammation, and improved glucose tolerance. 78 The notion that beneficial impacts of herbal extracts are mediated by reduced inflammation is supported by a study that found D. loddigesii and Houttuynia cordata, which are traditional Chinese treatment for T2D results decreased abundance of Gram negative bacteria including E. coli and Bacteriodetes fragilis that was suggested to improve T2D by reducing exposure to LPS absorption and subsequently inflammatory. 74,79 Moreover, D. loddigesii was reported to improve the gut barrier integrity, which can also reduce metabolic endotoxemia and insulin resistance.…”