Reduced Levels of D-dimer and Changes in Gut Microbiota Composition After Probiotic Intervention in HIV-Infected Individuals on Stable ART

Stiksrud, Birgitte; Nowak, Piotr; Nwosu, Felix Chinweije; Kvale, Dag; Thalme, Anders; Sönnerborg, Anders; Ueland, Per Magne; Holm, Kristian; Birkeland, Stein-Erik; Dahm, Anders Erik Astrup; Sandset, Per Morten; Rudi, Knut; Hov, Johannes R.; Dyrhol‐Riise, Anne Ma; Trøseid, Marius

doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000000784

Cited by 73 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…Attempts to modify host markers by modulating gut microbiota have had mixed results. Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus combinations have been found to decrease serum markers of systemic immune activation and Lactobacillus to improve CD4 count consistent with findings from the observational cohorts (Anukam et al ., ; Irvine et al ., ; Gautam et al ., ; d'Ettorre et al ., ; Stiksrud et al ., ). While the majority of studies seem to suggest a positive effect, these findings have not been universal (Hummelen et al ., ; Schunter et al ., ; Falasca et al ., ).…”

Section: Gut Microbiota In Hiv Observational Cohortsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiome alterations in HIV infection a review

Williams

Landay

Presti³

2016

Cellular Microbiology

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Summary Recent developments in molecular techniques have allowed researchers to identify previously uncultured organisms, which has propelled a vast expansion of our knowledge regarding our commensal microbiota. Interest in the microbiome specific to HIV grew from earlier findings suggesting that bacterial translocation from the intestines is the cause of persistent immune activation despite effective viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Studies of SIV infected primates have demonstrated that Proteobacteria preferentially translocate and that mucosal immunity can be restored with probiotics. Pathogenic SIV infection results in a massive expansion of the virome, whereas non‐pathogenic SIV infection does not. Human HIV infected cohorts have been shown to have microbiota distinctive from that of HIV negative controls and efforts to restore the intestinal microbiome via probiotics have often had positive results on host markers. The microbiota of the genital tract may play a significant role in acquisition and transmission of HIV. Modification of commensal microbial communities likely represents an important therapeutic adjunct to treatment of HIV. Here we review the literature regarding human microbiome in HIV infection.

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Section: Gut Microbiota In Hiv Observational Cohortsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiome alterations in HIV infection a review

Williams

Landay

Presti³

2016

Cellular Microbiology

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“…Moreover, prebiotic supplementation reduced blood T cell activation and sCD14 levels concurrent with those microbiome changes. Administration of probiotics (fermented milk supplemented with Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp) to virally suppressed, ART-treated HIV-1 infected subjects increased stool abundances of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, primarily through increased Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium respectively, while decreasing RA of Bacteroidetes, mainly due to decreased Bacteroides [108]. However, despite these changes in the microbiome and significant reductions in both D-dimer, a marker of coagulation, as well reduced levels of soluble markers of inflammation (e.g.…”

Section: Treatments To Restore the Intestinal Microbiomementioning

confidence: 99%

The gut microbiome and HIV-1 pathogenesis

Dillon

Frank²,

Wilson³

2016

Aids

132

127

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HIV-1 infection is associated with substantial damage to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract resulting in structural impairment of the epithelial barrier and a disruption of intestinal homeostasis. The accompanying translocation of microbial products and potentially microbes themselves from the lumen into systemic circulation has been linked to immune activation, inflammation, and HIV-1 disease progression. The importance of microbial translocation in the setting of HIV-1 infection has led to a recent focus on understanding how the communities of microbes that make up the intestinal microbiome are altered during HIV-1 infection and how they interact with mucosal immune cells to contribute to inflammation. This review details the dysbiotic intestinal communities associated with HIV-1 infection and their potential link to HIV-1 pathogenesis. We detail studies that begin to address the mechanisms driving microbiota-associated immune activation and inflammation and the various treatment strategies aimed at correcting dysbiosis and improving the overall health of HIV-1 infected individuals. Finally, we discuss how this relatively new field of research can advance to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the contribution of the gut microbiome to HIV-1 pathogenesis.

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“…On the other hand, investigational IL-7 administration in humans [146] and IL-21 administration in SIV-infected rhesus macaques [147], given in addition to cART, showed improvements in intestinal immunity and peripheral markers of immune activation. Probiotics, which may alter the GI microbiota, have been shown to decrease markers of microbial translocation, inflammation, coagulation, and T-cell activation [148–150] with some markers being reduced to levels seen in HIV-uninfected patients. These studies were small and effects of probiotics on individual markers differed between studies.…”

Section: Novel Use Of Interventions To Reduce Immune Activation and Cmentioning

confidence: 99%