Reduced histone levels induced by “reeler” and “weaver” mutations in the mouse cerebellum

Smith, Kathy Beckingham

doi:10.1016/0006-291x(76)90454-x

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…A dramatic decrease in cell number accompanies this reduction of size. In order to investigate if the observed cellular hypoplasia affects equally well the diverse cate gories of cerebellar neurons we took advantages of former biochemical studies done with other cerebellar mutants (Mallet et al 1974(Mallet et al , 1975(Mallet et al , 1976 and with the reeler m utant mouse (Beckingham Smith 1976). It was shown in particular that a protein of apparent molecular mass 400000, the P400 protein, is abundant in isolated Purkinje cell perikarya but markedly reduced or absent in the cerebella from two mutants, staggerer and , which exhibit a marked altera tion or a deficit in the Purkinje neurons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its anatomy is rather well understood (Palay & Chan-Palay 1973); the unitary activity of single neurons can be recorded by electrophysiological techniques (Eccles, Ito & Szentagothai 1967) and it contains a few classes of cells repeated many times, giving biochemical simplicity. In addition, in the mouse, several point mutations have been mapped which lead to profound disturbances of cerebellum anatomy (Sidman, Green & Appel 1965;Sidman 1974;, physiology (Crepel, Mariani, Korn & Changeux 1973;Crepel & M ariani 1975;Crepel & M ariani 1976) and biochemistry (Mallet, Huchet, Shelanski & Changeux 1974;Mallet, Huchet, Pougeois & Changeux 1976;Beckingham Smith 1976).…”

Section: Cerebellum Fr O M Reeler M Utant Mouse 3 Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomical, Physiological and biochemical studies of the cerebellum fromreelermutant mouse

Mariani

Crépel

Mikoshiba

et al. 1977

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

381

122

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The cerebellum of the homozygous reeler mouse shows a marked reduction in size and in the number of fissures, its dry mass and DNA content are respectively and j—J of those of normal animals. Its high content in the P400 protein, which is abundant in the Purkinje cell, indicates that the decrease in cell number associated with the fall in DNA affects primarily the granular cells. The anatomy of the reeler cerebellum is rather unique: a thin cortex with almost normal molecular, granular and Purkinje cell layers embracing a central mass of closely packed large neurons, mostly Purkinje cells. Purkinje cells may therefore be found in four different cellular environments: (1) at their normal position in the superficial cortical structure; (2) within the granular layer; (3) intermingled with white matter in the central mass; (4) overlapping with neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei. The reeler cerebellum therefore offers a model to study to what extent local cellular interactions are required to achieve the planar organization of the Purkinje cell dendrites and the normal synaptic investment of these cells. Concerning the three-dimensional shape of Purkinje cells, only the rare ones located at their normal position and receiving a normal ratio of all their synaptic afferences succeed to develop a characteristic dendritic pattern. Purkinje cells within the granular layer show three distinct patterns of dendritic arrangements. The variation in shape of the Purkinje cell dendrites located in the central agranular mass mimics that described in other agranular cerebella: in particular they show randomly oriented dendrites devoid of spiny branchlets. Concerning the cerebellar circuitry, the specificity of most of the synaptic connections is preserved, despite important disorders in Purkinje cell distribution.Several important differences with the normal cerebellum have, however, been observed at the level of the Purkinje cell: (i) The density of climbing fibre varicosities increases in the central cerebellar mass, where Purkinje cells are deprived of parallel fibre afferences. In addition, electrophysiological studies reveal that, at this position, the response of the Purkinje cells to climbing fibre stimulation is graded by steps as a function of stimulus intensity instead of being all-or-none as found in the superficial cortex or in normal cerebellum. These deep Purkinje cells receive therefore several climbing fibres instead of only one as in normal adult cerebellum, (ii) Ectopic synapses (somato-dendritic and dendro-dendritic) between the soma and/or the dendrite of the granule cell as presynaptic element and mainly the Purkinje cell dendrites as postsynaptic element may form, (iii) Heterologous synapses between mossy fibres and Purkinje cell spines are found in the granular layer and within the central mass. The electrophysiological studies show that these synapses are functional.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cerebellum Fr O M Reeler M Utant Mouse 3 Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical, Physiological and biochemical studies of the cerebellum fromreelermutant mouse

Mariani

Crépel

Mikoshiba

et al. 1977

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

381

122

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Chapter 3 Biochemistry and Immunology of Neurological Mutants In The Mouse

Mallet

1980

Neural Development Part I - Emergence of Specificity in Neural Histogenesis

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Pineal protein phosphorylation during serotonin N-acetyltransferase induction.

Winters¹,

Morrissey²,

Loos³

et al. 1977

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The activity of soluble protein kinase (ATP: protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) and pattern of nuclear protein phosphorylation was monitored in cultured rat pineal glands during the induction of serotonin N-acetyltransferase (acetyl-CoA:serotonin N-acetyltransferase; EC 2.3.1.5)by I-isoproterenol. A nuclear protein appears to be phosphorylated during the early stages of enzyme induction but is not phosphorylated at later stages of induction. This correlates well with the need for RNA synthesis associated with the induction process. The nuclear protein was also phosphorylated when the pineal glands were treated with dibutyryl 3':5'-cyclic AMP. The soluble protein kinase activity appeared to decline during mid-to-late stages of enzyme induction, but there was no concomitant increase in the particulate protein kinase activity.In the pineal gland of rats the activity of serotonin N-acetyltransferase (acetyl CoA:serotonin N-acetyltransferase; EC 2.3.1.5) is greatly enhanced by increased sympathetic nerve impulse flow at night (1, 2). The binding of norepinephreine to d-receptors of the pineal is thought to stimulate adenylate cyclase and the resultant rise in the cellular 3':5'-cyclic AMP concentration presumably leads to a 50-to 70-fold increase in N-acetyltransferase activity (3, 4). The cellular changes occurring between the rise and fall of cyclic AMP and the rise in enzyme activity a few hours later have not been adequately defined.The magnitude of increase in the cyclic AMP concentration and the eventual magnitude of N-acetyltransferase induction display supersensitive and subsensitive characteristics (5-7). Not only is the generation of cyclic AMP production under a sensitivity control, but also the effectiveness of cyclic AMP is relatively greater in supersensitive than in subsensitive glands (6). This suggests that some other system that is responsive to changes in the cellular cyclic AMP concentrations, such as protein kinase, is also regulated. It is generally thought that protein kinase (ATP:protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) mediates the response to changes in the cellular cyclic AMP content (8), and it has been demonstrated that the activity of protein kinase is higher in the supersensitive than in the subsensitive gland (9, 10). It has been suggested that protein kinase mediates the action of cyclic AMP in the induction of Nacetyltransferase activity (11). The pineal gland is a rich source of cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase (11).One possible mechanism by which cyclic AMP and protein kinase may be involved in enzyme induction is through translocation of the protein kinase catalytic subunit from the cytosol into the nucleus (12, 13). The protein kinase presumably alters the transcriptive activity of the nucleus regulating the synthesis Abbreviation: Cyclic AMP, adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate. of RNA essential to the cellular changes induced by the original hormonal stimulus (12,14,15). Alterations in the phosphoprotein pattern of the nuclear nonhistone chromosomal proteins h...

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Reduced histone levels induced by “reeler” and “weaver” mutations in the mouse cerebellum

Cited by 3 publications

References 9 publications

Anatomical, Physiological and biochemical studies of the cerebellum fromreelermutant mouse

Anatomical, Physiological and biochemical studies of the cerebellum fromreelermutant mouse

Chapter 3 Biochemistry and Immunology of Neurological Mutants In The Mouse

Pineal protein phosphorylation during serotonin N-acetyltransferase induction.

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