1995
DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(94)00263-3
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Reduced echogenicity of brainstem raphe specific to unipolar depression: A transcranial color-coded real-time sonography study

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Cited by 107 publications
(82 citation statements)
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“…In a study that used ultrasound imaging, subjects with major depression exhibited a significant trait-dependent decrease in the reflection of ultrasound waves by the midbrain and pontine raphe as compared with normal controls, subjects with bipolar affective disorder, or subjects with schizophrenia (Becker et al, 1995). Evidence for brainstem involvement in major depression has been demonstrated in a recent imaging study that showed that patients with major depression had a significant decrease in radioligand binding to the serotonin transporter in the midbrain .…”
Section: Abstract: Serotonin-1a Receptors; Dorsal Raphe Nucleus; Majmentioning
confidence: 89%
“…In a study that used ultrasound imaging, subjects with major depression exhibited a significant trait-dependent decrease in the reflection of ultrasound waves by the midbrain and pontine raphe as compared with normal controls, subjects with bipolar affective disorder, or subjects with schizophrenia (Becker et al, 1995). Evidence for brainstem involvement in major depression has been demonstrated in a recent imaging study that showed that patients with major depression had a significant decrease in radioligand binding to the serotonin transporter in the midbrain .…”
Section: Abstract: Serotonin-1a Receptors; Dorsal Raphe Nucleus; Majmentioning
confidence: 89%
“…Such observations have been reported in patients with unipolar depression and in depressed patients with Parkinson disease. [11][12][13][14][15] The precise pathophysiological and morphological interpretation of brain stem raphe hypoechogenicity is still speculative. A correlation of this finding to signal alteration on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies has been reported previously, suggesting that hypoechogenicity reflects a structural disruption of the mesencephalic raphe structure.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[7][8][9][10] Furthermore, alterations of the brain stem raphe have been observed by TCS in patients with major depression and in depressed patients with Parkinson disease. [11][12][13][14][15] Up to now, there has been only 1 TCS study evaluating basal ganglia alterations in patients with Huntington disease. 16 The echogenicity of the brain stem raphe was not assessed in this study.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, the assessment of the raphe is anatomically restricted to the lower midbrain with obligatory simultaneous visualization of the red nucleus. While in early reports 4 grades of echogenicity were applied (1: raphe not visible; 2: reduced or interrupted echogenicity; 3: normal, i. e. continuous line with an echogenicity similar to that of red nucleus, 4: increased echogenicity) [26], a current consensus guideline recommends the discrimination of only of two grades (normal vs. reduced echogenicity) ( • " Fig. 2) [2].…”
Section: Visualization and Assessmentmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…tion of the central serotonergic system [26,36]. Also PD and Huntington's disease patients with associated depression often exhibit this TCS feature [36 -38].…”
Section: Diagnostic Relevancementioning
confidence: 99%