Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil, Krill Oil, and Algal Biomass

Abstract

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.

Haematococcus Pluvialis Extract Promoting the Recovery of Memory Impairment in Alzheimer’s Rats: Anti-Inflammatory and Antiapoptotic Effects

“…Several reports suggested that the efficiency of H. pluvialis extract in protecting the inflammation in brain cells is attributed to the antioxidant carotenoid ASTA which is existed in H. pluvialis [46]. In the same line, it has been found that ASTA promoted anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the mitochondrial β-oxidation and suppressing the free radicals generation [47].…”

Cotinine Plus Krill Oil Decreased Depressive Behavior, and Increased Astrocytes Survival in the Hippocampus of Mice Subjected to Restraint Stress

“…Also, astrocytes can decrease the toxic effect of the abnormal increase in glutamate release induced by corticosteroids at the presynaptic level, by uptaking the glutamate from the synaptic space. On the other hand, KO components such as omega-3 and astaxanthin can prevent oxidative stress and diminish the deleterious effects of stress and Neuroinflammation on brain function (Barros et al, 2014; Polotow et al, 2015; Figure 7).…”

Omega‐3‐rich Isochrysis sp. biomass enhances brain docosahexaenoic acid levels and improves serum lipid profile and antioxidant status in Wistar rats

“…The International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids recommends 500 mg of EPA and DHA for the general adult population (70 kg). Based on the report, 7 mg of EPA and DHA per kilogram of body weight (BW) was normalized for experimental rats . Fish oil was used as a positive control for this study (Table S1).…”

“…Based on the report, 7 mg of EPA and DHA per kilogram of body weight (BW) was normalized for experimental rats. 24 Fish oil was used as a positive control for this study (Table S1). The experimental animals were divided into three groups as follows: (i) Control: No EPA and DHA; (ii) microalga group: 5.7 mg of EPA and 1.4 of DHA, which equals 7.1 mg of EPA + DHA per kg BW; (iii) fish oil group: 4.2 mg of EPA and 2.9 mg of DHA, which equals 7.1 mg of EPA + DHA per kg BW.…”