Redox Flow Batteries: A Literature Review Oriented to Automatic Control

Abstract

This paper presents a literature review about the concept of redox flow batteries and its automation and monitoring. Specifically, it is focused on the presentation of all-vanadium redox flow batteries which have several benefits, compared with other existing technologies and methods for energy stored purposes. The main aspects that are reviewed in this work correspond to the characterization, modeling, supervision and control of the vanadium redox flow batteries. A research is presented where redox flow batteries are contextualized in the current energy situation, compared with other types of energy storage systems. Furthermore, a presentation about the current challenges on research, and the main existing installations is view. A discussion about the main dynamic models that have been proposed during last years, as well as the different control strategies and observers, is presented.

An Extensive Study and Analysis of System Modeling and Interfacing of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

“…The optimized stack design provides the cooling strategies with advanced temperature control whenever there is a sudden variation in the temperature of the electrolyte available inside the stack. [51,52]…”

Voltage H∞ Control of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

“…It can be observed the appearance of an augmented plant, called P(s), with input vector [R(s) U(s)] T and output vector E(s) U(s) E(s) T , and the controller C(s) that adopts the conventional feedback path between E(s) and U(s). In order to obtain a controller that guarantees (14) and (15)m the following Mixed sensitivity problem can be formulated:…”

“…From an automatic control point of view, two main problems exist in VRFB [14]. The first one is determining the instantaneous reactant flow, which guarantees the desired output voltage in an efficient and secure manner.…”

Vanadium Redox Flow Battery State of Charge Estimation Using a Concentration Model and a Sliding Mode Observer

“…Unlike other battery types, RFB are active elements and automatic control plays a very important role [5], [6]. Determining the appropriate electrolyte flow [7] and estimating the state of charge are the two main issues from the automatic control point of view.…”