Redox chemistry and biological activities of chromium(III) complexes

4-Hydroxybenzoato-rare earth(iii) complexes – syntheses, a structural goldmine from coordination diversity and improved corrosion inhibition behaviour

“…Despite the high performance and cost effectiveness of widely used chromate compounds as corrosion inhibitors, they are now banned in many countries due to their carcinogenic effects. [21][22][23] Rare earth compounds, especially arene carboxylates, have emerged as ''greener'' alternatives. [14][15][16] Several of our studies have identified various RE carboxylates with comparable or better effectiveness than the chromates, most notably cerium salicylate, lanthanum 4-hydroxycinnamate (4-OHcin) and yttrium 3-(4 0methylbenzoyl)-propanoate.…”

Cr(vi) permanently binds to the lipid bilayer in an inverted hexagonal phase throughout the reduction process

“…1 Chromium (Cr) is a 3d group metal, and its ions exhibit both positive as well as toxic effects, depending on the oxidation state. Chromium(III) is treated as a trace element involved in glucose metabolism, [2][3][4] while Cr(VI) exhibits high toxicity and carcinogenic (mutagenic) properties. [5][6][7] It is an emerging problem since a rapidly developing industry causes increased use of Cr compounds and leads to growing environmental pollution, leading to constantly increasing exposure to this harmful element.…”

“…12,13 The research suggests that the Cr(III), so far considered safe, can be re-oxidized in a cellular environment or inside tissue and become cytotoxic again. 3 For example, popular nutrient compounds Cr(pic) 3 and CrCl 3 can be oxidized by H 2 O 2 originating from enzymatic activity in neutral aqueous conditions, leading to DNA damage. 2,4,14 Focusing on Cr(VI) toxicity, it should be mentioned that numerous investigations have been done regarding the cytotoxicity of Cr(VI) compounds.…”