Redox and Thiols in Archaea

Rawat, Mamta; Maupin-Furlow, Julie A.

doi:10.3390/antiox9050381

Cited by 28 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 145 publications

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“…The role of low-molecular-weight thiols (LMWT) in intracellular redox control and oxidative stress defense is undisputed ( 63 ). While the most well-known LMWT, glutathione, has not been detected in archaea, they have nevertheless been shown to accumulate a variety of analogs such as thiosulfate and coenzyme A ( 64 ). The key genes ( egtB and egtD ) for the synthesis of the LMTW ergothioneine (EGT), a histidine betaine derivative with a thiol group synthesized by fungi and bacteria, were gained in LACAOA ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ancestral Reconstructions Decipher Major Adaptations of Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea upon Radiation into Moderate Terrestrial and Marine Environments

Abby

Kerou

Schleper

2020

mBio

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Unlike all other archaeal lineages, ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) of the phylum Thaumarchaeota are widespread and abundant in all moderate and oxic environments on Earth. The evolutionary adaptations that led to such unprecedented ecological success of a microbial clade characterized by highly conserved energy and carbon metabolisms have, however, remained underexplored. Here, we reconstructed the genomic content and growth temperature of the ancestor of all AOA, as well as the ancestors of the marine and soil lineages, based on 39 available complete or nearly complete genomes of AOA. Our evolutionary scenario depicts an extremely thermophilic, autotrophic, aerobic ancestor from which three independent lineages of a marine and two terrestrial groups radiated into moderate environments. Their emergence was paralleled by (i) a continuous acquisition of an extensive collection of stress tolerance genes mostly involved in redox maintenance and oxygen detoxification, (ii) an expansion of regulatory capacities in transcription and central metabolic functions, and (iii) an extended repertoire of cell appendages and modifications related to adherence and interactions with the environment. Our analysis provides insights into the evolutionary transitions and key processes that enabled the conquest of the diverse environments in which contemporary AOA are found.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ancestral Reconstructions Decipher Major Adaptations of Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea upon Radiation into Moderate Terrestrial and Marine Environments

Abby

Kerou

Schleper

2020

mBio

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“…Later on, it was reported from other haloarchaea, including Halobacterium saccharovorum , Haloarcula ( Halobacterium ) marismortui , Haloarcula californiae , Halococcus sp. LS-1), and Haloferax ( Halobacterium ) volcanii [ 77 , 78 ]. Bacterioferritin comigratory protein 1 (Bcp1) belongs to the Prx family, isolated from hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus , which has been characterized as an antioxidant that inhibits H 2 O 2 -induced apoptosis in H9c2 rat cardiomyoblast cells [ 79 ].…”

Section: Microorganisms As a Source Of Antioxidant Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microorganisms: A Potential Source of Bioactive Molecules for Antioxidant Applications

et al. 2021

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Oxidative stress originates from an elevated intracellular level of free oxygen radicals that cause lipid peroxidation, protein denaturation, DNA hydroxylation, and apoptosis, ultimately impairing cell viability. Antioxidants scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, which further helps to prevent cellular damage. Medicinal plants, fruits, and spices are the primary sources of antioxidants from time immemorial. In contrast to plants, microorganisms can be used as a source of antioxidants with the advantage of fast growth under controlled conditions. Further, microbe-based antioxidants are nontoxic, noncarcinogenic, and biodegradable as compared to synthetic antioxidants. The present review aims to summarize the current state of the research on the antioxidant activity of microorganisms including actinomycetes, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microalgae, and yeast, which produce a variety of antioxidant compounds, i.e., carotenoids, polyphenols, vitamins, and sterol, etc. Special emphasis is given to the mechanisms and signaling pathways followed by antioxidants to scavenge Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), especially for those antioxidant compounds that have been scarcely investigated so far.

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“…While the tripeptide glutathione (GSH) is utilized as LMW thiol by most Gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus species and other firmicutes produce bacillithiol (BSH) as alternative LMW thiol, which functions as GSH surrogate to maintain redox homeostasis (Chandrangsu et al 2018). BSH derivatives are present in Thermus thermophiles and in phototrophic Chlorobiaceae (Hiras et al 2018;Newton and Rawat 2019;Norambuena et al 2018) and widely distributed in archaea (Rawat and Maupin-Furlow 2020). In addition, S. aureus uses coenzyme A (CoASH) as alternative LMW thiol, which is maintained in its reduced state by the CoASH disulfide reductase Cdr (delCardayre and delCardayré et al 1998).…”

Section: Functions Of Bacillithiol In Detoxification and Antibiotics mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thiol-based redox switches in the major pathogen Staphylococcus aureus

Linzner

Loi

Fritsch

et al. 2020

Biological Chemistry

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Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, which encounters reactive oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, electrophile and sulfur species (ROS, RNS, RCS, RES and RSS) by the host immune system, during cellular metabolism or antibiotics treatments. To defend against redox active species and antibiotics, S. aureus is equipped with redox sensing regulators that often use thiol switches to control the expression of specific detoxification pathways. In addition, the maintenance of the redox balance is crucial for survival of S. aureus under redox stress during infections, which is accomplished by the low molecular weight (LMW) thiol bacillithiol (BSH) and the associated bacilliredoxin (Brx)/BSH/bacillithiol disulfide reductase (YpdA)/NADPH pathway. Here, we present an overview of thiol-based redox sensors, its associated enzymatic detoxification systems and BSH-related regulatory mechanisms in S. aureus, which are important for the defense under redox stress conditions. Application of the novel Brx-roGFP2 biosensor provides new insights on the impact of these systems on the BSH redox potential. These thiol switches of S. aureus function in protection against redox active desinfectants and antimicrobials, including HOCl, the AGXX® antimicrobial surface coating, allicin from garlic and the naphthoquinone lapachol. Thus, thiol switches could be novel drug targets for the development of alternative redox-based therapies to combat multi-drug resistant S. aureus isolates.

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Redox and Thiols in Archaea

Cited by 28 publications

References 145 publications

Ancestral Reconstructions Decipher Major Adaptations of Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea upon Radiation into Moderate Terrestrial and Marine Environments

Ancestral Reconstructions Decipher Major Adaptations of Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea upon Radiation into Moderate Terrestrial and Marine Environments

Microorganisms: A Potential Source of Bioactive Molecules for Antioxidant Applications

Thiol-based redox switches in the major pathogen Staphylococcus aureus

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