Redox Active Metal– and Covalent Organic Frameworks for Energy Storage: Balancing Porosity and Electrical Conductivity

Abstract

Porous redox-active metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as electrode materials for energy storage devices. These porous frameworks have different levels of intrinsic properties such as low solubility, high ionic conductivity (porosity) and low electrical conductivity, all of which are critical parameters when utilised as electrode materials. This Minireview focuses on recent developments of using porous MOFs/COFs as redox active electrode materials for energy storage and strategies to improve their electrochemical performance.

Confined Synthesis of 2D Nanostructured Materials toward Electrocatalysis

“…In addition, the authors used scanning tunneling microscopy to monitor the surface‐confined synthesis process of COF. Unlike insulating MOF or COF materials, 2D MOFs and COFs prepared by the confined synthesis method possess new electrochemical properties, which show promising applications in the fields of electrocatalysis, electrochemical energy storage, H 2 storage, and photoelectric chemistry 104–106…”

Imidazolium‐Salt‐Functionalized Covalent Organic Frameworks for Highly Efficient Catalysis of CO2 Conversion

“…Recently,s ome crystalline porousm aterials have shown promising applications in gas adsorptiona nd catalysis because of the predictable control over their structure. [27][28][29] These materials are constructedf rom organic building blocks through reversible covalent bonds. [12][13][14] Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) [15][16][17] are anothern ovel class of crystalline porous materials with wide applicationsi n molecule storage and separation, [18][19][20] catalysis, [21][22][23][24][25][26] energy storage, and others.…”

Multiple Active Sites: Lithium Storage Mechanism of Cu‐TCNQ as an Anode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

“…To meet with the ever‐growing demand for high energy density devices, scientists have been devoting to seek for ideal electrode materials with high energy density for batteries . Among the candidate materials, MOFs have been taken as inferior electrode materials for batteries under most occasions except that they can play as self‐sacrificial templates and upgrade the electrochemical performances of transition metal oxide/sulfide or carbonaceous materials by enlarging their specific surface areas and exposing greatly their active sites . Recently, pristine MOFs as electrode materials for LIBs have demonstrated high specific capacity.…”

“…[1] Amongthe candidate materials, MOFs have been taken as inferior electrode materials for batteries under most occasions [2,3] except that they can playa ss elf-sacrificial templates andu pgrade the electrochemical performances of transition metal oxide/sulfide or carbonaceous materials by enlarging their specific surface areas and exposing greatly their activesites. [4][5][6][7][8] Recently,p ristine MOFs as electrode materials for LIBs have demonstrated high specific capacity.F or example, Cu-BTC, Co-BTC, Mn-BTC,F e-BTC( BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate), Fe-MIL-88B ([Fe 3 O(BDC) 3 (H 2 O) 2 (NO 3 )] n ,B DC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxy-late), Co-TDA (TDA = 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate), Mn-BDC, Ni-BHC (BHC = 1,2,3,4,5,6-benzenehexacarboxylate), CoCOP (cobalt coordinationp olymer), Me 2 NH 2 M(HCOO) 3 /M(HCOO) 2 (Me = CH 3 ,M= Mn, Co, Ni)h ybrid composites as anode materials for LIBs can achieve ah igh reversible specific capacity broughtb ym ultiple-electron redox reactions, and intercalation-likes tructurald eformation. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Howeveri nt hese cases, the reported mechanism of lithium storage is controversial.…”