Redistribution of Cardiac Output during Hemorrhage in the Unanesthetized Monkey

Forsyth, Ralph P.; Hoffbrand, B I; Melmon, Kenneth L.

doi:10.1161/01.res.27.3.311

Cited by 89 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…There are several possible explanations for the discrepancy between the conclusion of previous investigations, indicating intense renal vasoconstriction with hemorrhage (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27), and those in the present one, demonstrating sparing of the renal bed. Three important features of the present investigation were (a) renal blood flow was measured in the conscious animal, (b) these measurements were instantaneous and continuous, and (c) hemorrhage was not severe or prolonged, i.e., hemorrhagic shock did not develop.…”

Section: Renal Vasodilation With Hemorrhage 231contrasting

confidence: 99%

“…While measurements were recorded continuously during hemorrhage, two points were chosen to compare with control values; the first occurred before a reduction in arterial pressure, which occurred after 14±2 ml/kg of hemorrhage and is designated as the mild nonhypotensive hemorrhage response, while the second point was chosen after a sustained [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] ied hypoten-iliac flow had fallen by 58±5% to 46±4 ml/min and iliac resistance had risen from 0.88+0.05 to 1.72±0.11 -onary blood mm Hg/ml/min. These changes were all significant and transi-(P < 0.01) ( %) resistances were significantly less than without blockade (P < 0.01).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Hemorrhage on Regional Blood Flow Distribution in Dogs and Primates

Vatner¹

1974

J. Clin. Invest.

185

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A B S T R A C T The effects of hemorrhage on arterial pressure, blood flows, and resistances in the coronary, mesenteric, renal, and iliac beds of healthy, conscious dogs and intact, tranquilized baboons were studied. Mild nonhypotensive hemorrhage (14±2 ml/kg) increased heart rate and mesenteric and iliac resistances slightly but significantly, and decreased renal resistance (-13± 2%). Moderate hypotensive hemorrhage, 26±2 ml/kg, reduced mean arterial pressure (-23±2 mm Hg) and blood flows to the mesenteric (-56+3%), iliac (-58± 5%), and coronary (-39±4%) vascular beds, and increased heart rate (+ 89±9 beats/min) and resistances in the mesenteric (+ 73±15%), iliac (+ 102±19%), and coronary (+ 27±5%) beds. In contrast to the other beds, renal flow rose 11±6% above control and renal resistance fell 31±2% below control. Renal vasodilatation with hemorrhage was also observed in five baboons. The increases in mesenteric and iliac resistances where blocked almost completely by phentolamine, while the increase in coronary resistance was only partially blocked by phentolamine. The renal dilatation was not blocked by phentolamine, propranolol, atropine, or tripelennamine, but was prevented by indomethacin, suggesting that this dilatation was mediated by a prostaglandin-like compound.Thus the peripheral vascular responses to hemorrhage involve intense vasoconstriction in the mesenteric and iliac beds. In the normal conscious dog and the intact, tranquilized primate, the renal bed does not share in the augmentation of total peripheral resistance with nonhypotensive and moderate hypotensive hemorrhage, but does with more severe hemorrhage. In fact,

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Section: Renal Vasodilation With Hemorrhage 231contrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Hemorrhage on Regional Blood Flow Distribution in Dogs and Primates

Vatner¹

1974

J. Clin. Invest.

185

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“…On the other hand, canine cutaneous blood flow was augmented in accordance with a blood pressure elevation evoked by the carotid reflex (BOND and GREEN, 1969), but on this occasion no constriction of the cutaneous vessels was obtained. In hemorrhaging, however, constriction of cutaneous vessels was observed (NEUTZE et al, 1968 ;FORSYTH et al, 1970;SCHWINGHAMER et al, 1970). IRIKI et al (1971) reported an augmentation of cutaneous and visceral sympathetic activity in a severe hypoxia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vascular Resistance of Intestine, Muscle and Skin during Blood Pressure Oscillation

1979

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After the blood supply to the head was surgically limited to one common carotid artery in rabbits, the artery was compressed by exertion of stepwise elevated side pressure on a segment of the artery. Systemic arterial pressure rose and began to oscillate when the side pressure was increased to 50 to 60 mmHg. The oscillations were regular and occurred at a rate of 3 to 4 per minute with a wave height of 15 to 45 mmHg. Concomitant with systemic pressure oscillations, and in near synchrony were undulations in the perfusion pressures recorded during constant flow from the vascularly isolated abdominal skin, skeletal muscle and small intestine. With the graded elevation of side pressure on the common carotid artery, mean systemic pressure and perfusion pressure showed a nearly exponential relation. The ratio between the two variables was slightly less than one below the systemic pressure of 120 mmHg and rapidly increased above this level. At ratios greater than one, the peripheral resistance undulations in the isolated areas gave a larger minimum and maximum, a sharper contour and, particularly in the skin, a phase lag in the period of the wave form when compared to the systemic pressure oscillations. These observations highlight the differences in response characteristics of peripheral resistance vessels and those of cardiac output and different consecutive parts of the systemic arteries during periods of intense sympathetic activation.In 1901, CUSHING (1901) observed a blood pressure oscillation in the process of a stepwise elevation of cerebrospinal fluid pressure in dogs. From that time, several investigators (GUYTON and SATTERFIELD, 1952; SAGAWA et al., 1961 a, b) have studied "central nervous system ischemic reflex oscillation" as named by GUYTON and SATTERFIELD (1952). MIYAKAWA (1966 a, b) devised a method for elicitation of a blood pressure oscillation in rabbits, by graded compression of a common carotid artery which was left as the only route of blood supply to the brain. We call this experiment the "side pressure exertion experiment." Thereafter, a number

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“…Bloodflow to respiratory muscles. Blood flow per gram to each of the various respiratory muscles was measured by a radioactive microsphere technique described in detail previously (9)(10)(11)(12). The modifications, validity, and reproducibility of this technique for measuring respiratory muscle blood flows were described in a previous communication (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory Muscle Blood Flow Distribution during Expiratory Resistance

Robertson¹,

Eschenbacher²,

Johnson³

1977

J. Clin. Invest.

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A B S T R A C T When work load on the respiratory system is increased the relative increase in blood flow to each of the muscles of breathing provides an index of how the augmented effort of breathing is partitioned among the different muscles. We have used a radioactive microsphere technique to measure blood flow to each ofthe muscles ofrespiration in supine dogs during unobstructed respiration and breathing against graded expiratory threshold loads. 79% of the augmented flow went to expiratory muscles; of this increased flow to expiratory muscles 74% went to abdominal wall muscles and 26% to internal intercostals. In our earlier studies of hyperventilation induced by CO2 rebreathing where expiratory work loads were low, 44% of the increase in flow went to expiratory muscles; of this, only 39% went to abdominal wall muscles and 61% to intemal intercostals. During inspiratory resistance which produced small increases in expiratory work, 27% of the increase in blood flow went to expiratory muscles; of this, only 37% went to abdominal wall muscles and 63% to intemal intercostals. These results suggest that the internal intercostals are predominantly used for expiration when expiratory work loads are low, whereas the abdominal wall muscles are predominantly used when loads are high.For similar rates of pressure-volume work done on the lung, the total respiratory muscle blood flow is significantly greater during expiratory loads than during unobstructed hyperventilation or inspiratory loads. Thus, the abdominal wall muscles that are utilized for overcoming high pressure expiratory loads are relatively inefficient in converting metabolic energy into pressure-volume work.

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Redistribution of Cardiac Output during Hemorrhage in the Unanesthetized Monkey

Cited by 89 publications

References 32 publications

Effects of Hemorrhage on Regional Blood Flow Distribution in Dogs and Primates

Effects of Hemorrhage on Regional Blood Flow Distribution in Dogs and Primates

Vascular Resistance of Intestine, Muscle and Skin during Blood Pressure Oscillation

Respiratory Muscle Blood Flow Distribution during Expiratory Resistance

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