“…Fixation and preparation, as well as the degree of pressure applied to the coverslip during fixation and mounting, can all result in skewed measurements and observations. As a result, some previous drawings of key morphological features were neither consistent nor always accurate [ 21 , 22 ]. The high genetic difference (22.04% to 38.34%) from all other diplozoids further confirmed the uniqueness of the current species.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… P. cirrhini n. sp. P. saurogobionis (Jiang et al , 1985) Jiang, Wu et Wang, 1989 P. megalobramae Khotenovsky, 1982 P. yunnanensis Fan et al , 2018 P. hemiculteri (Ling, 1973) Khotenovsky, 1985 P. opsariichthydis (Jiang, Wu & Wang, 1984) Jiang, Wu & Wang, 1989 P. yarkandense Arken et al, 2021 Hosts C. molitorella S. argentatus M. terminalis S. gudgeri H. leucisculus O. bidens S. eurystomus Source present study present study present study [ 13 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 2 ] Body length 2813 (1376–6314) 1762–3654 6175–7375 1593 (1148–2344) 3153 (2320–4180) 3840 (2926–4457) 2130 (1100–3050) Body width 668 (443–1107) 592–997 962–1225 445 (211–626) 931 (729–1140) 991 (739–991) 690...…”
Section: Paradiplozoon Cirrhini
N Sp (
Figs 1
...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The importance of combining accurate morphological analysis with molecular analysis is always emphasized as the primary means of identifying diplozoid species [ 11 , 21 , 22 ]. Unfortunately, most of the previous publications lacked representative sequence data, as well as some detailed morphological descriptions.…”
Paradiplozoon cirrhini n. sp. (Monogenea, Diplozoidae) is described from the gills of mud carp, Cirrhinus molitorella (Valenciennes, 1844) (Cyprinidae, Labeoninae), collected in Wuzhou, Guangxi Province, and Conghua, Guangdong Province as part of an ongoing survey of the diplozoid fauna in the Pearl River basin of China. The new Paradiplozoon species is distinguished from congeners by the structure of median plate and its outgrowth sclerites. The ITS2 sequences of the new species differ from all known available diplozoid sequences by 22.04%–38.34%. The new species is the first diplozoid species parasitic on Labeoninae in China. Molecular phylogenetic analyses using rRNA ITS2 placed Paradiplozoon cirrhini n. sp. in a sister position to the other Chinese Paradiplozoon, implying that Labeoninae represents an early and potentially ancestral host group for China Paradiplozoon. We also provided ITS2 sequences for four other diplozoids species, namely P. megalobramae Khotenovsky, 1982, P. saurogobionis (Jiang, et al., 1985) Jiang, Wu & Wang, 1989, Sindiplozoon hunanensis Yao & Wang, 1997, and Sindiplozoon sp., and validated their phylogenetic position. The results confirm that all diplozoid species are spilt into two major clades and show monophyly of Sindiplozoon but paraphyly of Paradiplozoon.
“…Fixation and preparation, as well as the degree of pressure applied to the coverslip during fixation and mounting, can all result in skewed measurements and observations. As a result, some previous drawings of key morphological features were neither consistent nor always accurate [ 21 , 22 ]. The high genetic difference (22.04% to 38.34%) from all other diplozoids further confirmed the uniqueness of the current species.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… P. cirrhini n. sp. P. saurogobionis (Jiang et al , 1985) Jiang, Wu et Wang, 1989 P. megalobramae Khotenovsky, 1982 P. yunnanensis Fan et al , 2018 P. hemiculteri (Ling, 1973) Khotenovsky, 1985 P. opsariichthydis (Jiang, Wu & Wang, 1984) Jiang, Wu & Wang, 1989 P. yarkandense Arken et al, 2021 Hosts C. molitorella S. argentatus M. terminalis S. gudgeri H. leucisculus O. bidens S. eurystomus Source present study present study present study [ 13 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 2 ] Body length 2813 (1376–6314) 1762–3654 6175–7375 1593 (1148–2344) 3153 (2320–4180) 3840 (2926–4457) 2130 (1100–3050) Body width 668 (443–1107) 592–997 962–1225 445 (211–626) 931 (729–1140) 991 (739–991) 690...…”
Section: Paradiplozoon Cirrhini
N Sp (
Figs 1
...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The importance of combining accurate morphological analysis with molecular analysis is always emphasized as the primary means of identifying diplozoid species [ 11 , 21 , 22 ]. Unfortunately, most of the previous publications lacked representative sequence data, as well as some detailed morphological descriptions.…”
Paradiplozoon cirrhini n. sp. (Monogenea, Diplozoidae) is described from the gills of mud carp, Cirrhinus molitorella (Valenciennes, 1844) (Cyprinidae, Labeoninae), collected in Wuzhou, Guangxi Province, and Conghua, Guangdong Province as part of an ongoing survey of the diplozoid fauna in the Pearl River basin of China. The new Paradiplozoon species is distinguished from congeners by the structure of median plate and its outgrowth sclerites. The ITS2 sequences of the new species differ from all known available diplozoid sequences by 22.04%–38.34%. The new species is the first diplozoid species parasitic on Labeoninae in China. Molecular phylogenetic analyses using rRNA ITS2 placed Paradiplozoon cirrhini n. sp. in a sister position to the other Chinese Paradiplozoon, implying that Labeoninae represents an early and potentially ancestral host group for China Paradiplozoon. We also provided ITS2 sequences for four other diplozoids species, namely P. megalobramae Khotenovsky, 1982, P. saurogobionis (Jiang, et al., 1985) Jiang, Wu & Wang, 1989, Sindiplozoon hunanensis Yao & Wang, 1997, and Sindiplozoon sp., and validated their phylogenetic position. The results confirm that all diplozoid species are spilt into two major clades and show monophyly of Sindiplozoon but paraphyly of Paradiplozoon.
“…They are also the most host-speci c parasites among atworms [10,11,48]. High host-speci city correlates with unique morphological characteristics of their attachment organs and hooks, which goes hand in hand with molecular markers (e.g., sequences of 28S rRNA, ITS1, cox1, mitochondrial genome) used in species classi cation [49][50][51], and identi cation of genetic population structures [19][20][21]. Despite better accessibility of modern sequencing methods, whole genome sequencing projects targeting monogeneans are limited to the genomes of three other monogenean representatives.…”
Background
Monogenea (Platyhelminthes, Neodermata) are the most species-rich class within the Neodermata superclass of primarily fish parasites. Despite their economic and ecological importance, monogenean research tends to focus on their morphological, phylogenetic, and population characteristics, while comprehensive omics analyses aimed at describing functionally important molecules are few and far between. We present a molecular characterisation of monogenean representative Eudiplozoon nipponicum, an obligate haematophagous parasite infecting the gills of the common carp. We report its nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, present a functional annotation of protein molecules relevant to the molecular and biochemical aspect of physiological processes involved in interactions with the fish hosts, and re-examinate the taxonomic position of Eudiplozoonspecies within the Diplozoidae family.
Results
We have generated 50.81 Gbp of raw sequencing data (Illumina and Oxford Nanopore reads), bioinformatically processed, and de novo assembled them into a genome draft 0.94 Gbp long, consisting of 21,044 contigs (N50 = 87 kbp). The final assembly represents 57% of the estimated total genome size (~1.64 Gbp), whereby repetitive and low-complexity regions account for ~64% of the assembled length. In total, 36,626 predicted genes encode 33,031 protein-coding transcripts. Homology-based annotation of transcripts and proteins characterises 14,785 (44.76%) molecules. We have detected significant representation of functional proteins and known molecular functions. The numbers of peptidases and inhibitors (579 proteins), characterised GO terms (16,016 unique assigned GO terms), and identified KEGG Orthology (4,315 proteins) acting in 378 KEGG pathways demonstrate the variety of mechanisms by which the parasite interacts with hosts on a macromolecular level (immunomodulation, feeding, and development). Comparison between the newly assembled E. nipponicum mitochondrial genome (length of 17,038 bp) and other diplozoid monogeneans confirms the existence of two distinct Eudiplozoon species infecting different fish hosts: Cyprinus carpio and Carassiusspp.
Conclusions
Although the amount of sequencing data and characterised molecules of monogenean parasites has recently increased, a better insight into their molecular biology is needed. The E. nipponicum nuclear genome presented here, currently the largest described genome within parasitic helminths, represents a milestone in the study of monogeneans and their molecules but further omics research is needed to understand these parasites’ biological nature.
“…soft body parts). Diplozoids fixed in GAP or Canada balsam were identified following available keys and taxonomic papers (Pugachev et al ., 2009; Civáňová et al ., 2013; Avenant-Oldewage et al ., 2014; Dos Santos et al ., 2015; Al-Nasiri and Balbuena, 2016; Jirsová et al ., 2018, 2021; Přikrylová et al ., 2018; Benovics et al ., 2021) and using an Olympus BX51 light microscope (Olympus, Shinjuku, Japan) equipped with phase contrast. Figure 1.Distribution map of diplozoid species collected during this study.…”
Diplozoidae are common monogenean ectoparasites of cyprinoid fish, with the genus Paradiplozoon being the most diversified. Despite recent studies on Diplozoidae from Europe, Africa and Asia, the diversity, distribution and phylogeny of this parasite group appears to be still underestimated in the Middle East. The objective of this study was to investigate the diversity, endemism and host specificity of diplozoids parasitizing cyprinoid fish from the Middle East, considering this region as an important historical interchange of fish fauna, and to elucidate the phylogenetic position of Middle Eastern Paradiplozoon species within Diplozoidae. Four Paradiplozoon species were collected from 48 out of 94 investigated cyprinoid species. Three known species, Paradiplozoon homoion, Paradiplozoon bliccae and Paradiplozoon bingolensis, were recorded on new cyprinoid host species, and a new species, Paradiplozoon koubkovae n. sp., was recorded on Luciobarbus capito and Capoeta capoeta from the Caspian Sea basin in Iran and Turkey. Paradiplozoon bliccae, exhibiting a wide host range in the Middle East, expressed both morphological and genetic intraspecific variabilities. The four Paradiplozoon species collected in the Middle East were placed in divergent clades, showing the rich evolutionary history of diplozoid parasites in the Middle East. Our study also revealed that two lineages of African diplozoids have a Middle Eastern origin. We stress the importance of applying an integrative approach combining morphological, ecological and molecular methods to reveal the real diversity of diplozoids.
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