Redescription of Alexandrium minutum Halim (Dinophyceae) type species of the genus Alexandrium

Balech, Enrique

doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-28-2-206.1

Cited by 71 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Gonyaulax parva was described with the identical main tabulation: 4 0 , 3a, 6 00 , 6 000 , 1p, 1 0000 , but plate 1p can be equally well regarded as the first antapical plate. This would be in accordance with the interpretation by Balech (1989) of the hypothecal tabulation of Alexandrium, a member of the Gonyaulacales. The cingular and sulcal plates of G. parva have not been described or depicted in detail but it does not belong to the genus Gonyaulax as presently defined.…”

Section: Morphological Comparison At the Species Levelsupporting

confidence: 91%

Azadinium spinosumgen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) identified as a primary producer of azaspiracid toxins

Tillmann

Elbrächter

Krock

et al. 2009

European Journal of Phycology

250

218

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Azaspiracids (AZAs) are a group of lipophilic marine biotoxins associated with human incidents of shellfish poisoning. During a research cruise to the North Sea, we analysed size-fractionated plankton for AZA by mass spectrometry and successfully isolated an AZA-producing dinoflagellate from the east coast of Scotland. As shown previously, an axenic culture of this dinoflagellate produces AZA 1, AZA 2 and an isomer of AZA 2. Here we give a taxonomic description of this new taxon Azadinium spinosum gen. et sp. nov., as a de novo producer of AZAs. Azadinium spinosum is a small (12-16 mm length and 7-11 mm width) peridinin-containing photosynthetic dinoflagellate with a superficial resemblance under light microscopy to gymnodinioids, but with a thin theca. The large nucleus is spherical and located posteriorly, whereas the single chloroplast is parietal, lobed, and typically extends into both the epi-and hyposome. The Kofoidian thecal tabulation is APC, 4 0 , 3a, 6 00 , 6C, 5?S, 6 000 , 2 0000 . This plate pattern has an epithecal affinity to the Peridiniales and a hypothecal affinity to the Gonyaulacales, but is distinctly different from described dinoflagellate genera. The assignment of A. spinosum to the dinoflagellates is supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis of four genes, SSU rDNA, LSU rDNA (D1/D2 region), ITS and cytochrome oxidase (subunit 1) (COI). In agreement with the morphological description, phylogenetic analysis did not show any particularly close affiliation to the Peridiniales or Gonyaulacales, nor to any other dinoflagellate order represented in molecular databases. Consequently, we erected a new genus, Azadinium, for this taxon. However the ordinal affiliation of the genus is uncertain. This study represents the first description and confirmation of a new dinoflagellate species capable of producing AZA and is thus an important advance in surveillance programmes for toxigenic microalgae and toxins of human health significance.

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Section: Morphological Comparison At the Species Levelsupporting

confidence: 91%

Azadinium spinosumgen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) identified as a primary producer of azaspiracid toxins

Tillmann

Elbrächter

Krock

et al. 2009

European Journal of Phycology

250

218

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, this trait may not be phylogenetically significant. Franco et al (1995) observed seven strains of A. minutum and A. lusitanicum in culture and found that the variation in the s.a. was as great within a single culture as between A. minutum and A. lusitanicum according to the species descnptions (Balech, , 1989. There was also no difference between the morpho species based upon toxin profiles or growth behavior.…”

Section: Morphology Vs Molecular Systematicsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Phylogeny and biogeography of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium

Lilly¹

2003

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“…The presence of a ventral pore in the 1 st apical ( 1 ') plate clearly distinguishes the Anakoha Bay and Croisilles Harbour isolates from A. angustitabulatum which lacks this feature (Balech 1995), and from A. andersoni because of the difference in the form of the 6th precingular (6") and anterior sulcal (s.a.) plates (Balech 1990). Designation of these isolates as either^, minutum Halim (Balech 1989), or A. lusitanicum Balech (Balech 1985) is however more problematic because the New Zealand cells have features which are illustrated as characteristics of both. The fact that 1 ' is wide, is regularly truncated on the anterior and posterior margins and is directly connected to the apical pore plate (Po) are all features that are defined as typical of A. lusitanicum (Balech 1995).…”

Section: Taxonomic Designationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fact that 1 ' is wide, is regularly truncated on the anterior and posterior margins and is directly connected to the apical pore plate (Po) are all features that are defined as typical of A. lusitanicum (Balech 1995). On the other hand, the shape of 6" and the variation in the shape of s.a., which Balech (1989) considered to be the main distinguishing feature (notably wider than long in A. lusitanicum) confounds this designation. Balech (1995) himself expresses the view that the differences between A minutum and A. lusitanicum are so small that the species independence is doubtful.…”

Section: Taxonomic Designationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell morphology and PSP‐toxin profiles ofAlexandrium minutumin the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand

MacKenzie¹,

Berkett²

1997

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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Thecal plate morphology and paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin spectra produced by three strains of a small Alexandrium species isolated from the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand were examined. Although these cells displayed minor morphological features described in the literature as characteristic of both A. minutum and A. lusitanicum, the former designation was adopted. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of culture extracts showed the toxin profiles to consist predominantly of various proportions of the carbamate toxins GTX 1 , GTX 2 , GTX 4 , neoSTX, and STX. These toxin profiles were similar to those observed in other New Zealand isolates of A. minutum. They were however rather different from those observed in this species elsewhere in the world though the specific toxicity of these cells (1.8-2.2 pg STX equivalents per cell) was similarly low.

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Redescription of Alexandrium minutum Halim (Dinophyceae) type species of the genus Alexandrium

Cited by 71 publications

References 1 publication

Azadinium spinosumgen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) identified as a primary producer of azaspiracid toxins

Azadinium spinosumgen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) identified as a primary producer of azaspiracid toxins

Phylogeny and biogeography of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium

Cell morphology and PSP‐toxin profiles ofAlexandrium minutumin the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand

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