Redefining Plant Use at the Formative Site of Chiripa in the Southern Titicaca Basin

Whitehead, William T.

doi:10.1007/0-387-28940-2_12

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…Currently, we know little about the character and history of non‐raised‐field agriculture in the region. Researchers often depict a gradual expansion of dryland farming across the landscape throughout the Formative Period based on evidence of increasing settlement in fertile areas (Albarracín‐Jordan ; Stanish ), an increase in stone agricultural implements (Seddon ), and the presence of domesticated plants such as quinoa in archaeobotanical samples (Browman ; Whitehead ). The specific practices and processes that constituted this expansion of dryland agriculture are rarely discussed.…”

Section: The Raised‐field Narrative Of Agricultural Change In the Lakmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological studies reveal that farming and camelid herding began in the EF Period, complemented by exploitation of fish, birds, eggs, and plants from the lake (Browman ; Capriles et al ; Kent ; Moore et al ; Whitehead ). Understanding how these various activities changed through time has been central to TAP's research, and I will address their relationships with farming here.…”

Section: Formative Period Agricultural Production On the Taraco Peninmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beyond Raised Fields: Exploring Farming Practices and Processes of Agricultural Change in the Ancient Lake Titicaca Basin of the Andes

Bruno

2014

American Anthropologist

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In the Lake Titicaca Basin of the Andes, narratives of agricultural change have focused exclusively on a single innovation: raised fields. In this article, I examine macrobotanical remains and other archaeological datasets to elucidate a wider range of past farming practices that contributed to processes of agricultural change on the Taraco Peninsula, Bolivia, during the Formative Period (1500 B.C.E.-C.E. 500). This analysis reveals strong continuities in crop selection through time, with farmers gradually diversifying a basic set of cultigens-quinoa and tubers-but never abandoning them. Patterns in wild plant species indicate continuity in agropastoral land use up to the Late Formative Period (second century C.E.) when the unintended consequences of long-term tilling and camelid grazing transformed the botanical landscape into one that required a new set of practices to remove weeds and replenish nutrients to the soils. Examining how these practices and the farmers enacting them articulated with broader processes of demographic, environmental, and sociopolitical change reveals dynamic, multivariate courses of agricultural change even before the inclusion of raised fields. [agricultural practices, ethnobotany, archaeobotany, Lake Titicaca Basin, Andes]RESUMEN En la cuenca del lago Titicaca de los Andes, las narrativas del cambio agrícola se han enfocado exclusivamente en una sola innovación: los campos elevados. En este artículo, se analizan restos macrobotánicos y otros datos arqueológicos para investigar un rango más amplio de prácticas agrícolas que contribuyeron a los procesos de cambio en la península de Taraco, Bolivia a lo largo del período Formativo (1500 a.C. -500 d.C.). Este análisis revela fuertes continuidades en la selección de cultivos a través del tiempo con la diversificación gradual del conjunto básico de quinua y tubérculos. Los patrones de las especies de plantas silvestres indican una continuidad en el uso agro-pastoral del paisaje hasta el período Formativo Tardío (segundo siglo d.C.) cuando las consecuencias no intencionadas de las precedentes actividades agrícolas y pastoriles de camélidos transformaron el paisaje botánico en uno que requería de un nuevo conjunto de prácticas agrícolas para eliminar las malezas y renovar los nutrientes de los suelos. Evaluar cómo estas prácticas y los agricultores que las llevaron adelante se articularon con procesos de cambio demográficos, medioambientales y socio-políticos revela trayectorias multivariadas y dinámicas de cambios agrícolas que antecedieron a la incorporación de campos elevados. [prácticas agricolas, etnobotánica, arqueobotánica, cuenca de Lago Titicaca, Andes] A nthropologists have a long tradition of studying societies through the ways in which they obtain their food. The expansion and intensification of agriculture and its role in the development of complex societies has been a central

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Section: The Raised‐field Narrative Of Agricultural Change In the Lakmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Formative Period Agricultural Production On the Taraco Peninmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Raised Fields: Exploring Farming Practices and Processes of Agricultural Change in the Ancient Lake Titicaca Basin of the Andes

Bruno

2014

American Anthropologist

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“…Sweet fleshy cacti fruits are often consumed by both humans and animals throughout the New World. Spines are used for tools, the dried stems are used for fuel (specifically in the Oruro region), and these plants can form a spiny defensive hedge to keep animals away (Browman 1989; Whitehead 2007). Using the spines for tools does not involve fire or using the fruit.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Intermediate Period Plant Use at a Colla Hillfort, Puno, Peru (AD 1300–1450)

Langlie¹

2020

Latin Am. antiq.

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In the Lake Titicaca Basin during the Late Intermediate period (LIP; AD 1100–1450), people's lives were overwhelmingly structured by warfare. Previous research in the region has shed light on how martial conflict between and possibly among competing ethnic groups motivated people to live in fortified villages on defensive hilltops. At the same time, there was a centuries-long drought that threatened agricultural production. Little is known about the plant use of people living in hillforts during this arduous time. Drawing on macrobotanical information collected from Ayawiri, one of the largest hillforts in the northern Titicaca Basin, I argue that the food stuffs and plants used were locally grown. Additionally, these findings indicate a possible departure from earlier symbolically charged and ritually important plant consumption practices based on the lack of imported maize. This research sheds light on how people adapted their domestic and agricultural strategies to warfare and climate change during the LIP.

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“…Solo un individuo adulto de Tulan 58 (C7) tiene valores radiogénicos equiparables a la fauna del área de Tiwanaku (Knudson 2008) (Tabla 4). Por tanto, este Formativo se basa principalmente en el manejo de plantas locales, las que en contextos arqueológicos de todo el mundo han sido reportadas como relevantes en la dieta (Babot 2004;Beresford-Jones 2011;Casas et al 1997;Danielson y Reinhard 1998;Flannery 1968;Holden 1991;Messner 2008;Minnis 1992;Pearsall 1989;Whitehead 2006;Wollstonecroft et al 2008). En este sentido el manejo y cultivo prolongado de estas especies probablemente las llevó a diferentes etapas del proceso de domesticación que requieren ser exploradas a futuro desde una perspectiva interdisciplinaria.…”

Section: Interpretación Y Discusiónunclassified

“…Esta herramienta como se indica por varios autores (Haber y Gastaldi 2006;Núñez 1992;Núñez et al 2003;Pérez 2010;Tamblay 1990;Uribe y Carrasco 1999;Whitehead 2006), podría ser útil para múltiples propósitos como para minería, la extracción de Ciperáceas y tubérculos, la excavación de pozos y construcción de casas o manipulación de guano ya sea para fertilizante o combustible. En este sentido podrían estar en estrecha relación con el patrón más sedentario observado en Atacama.…”

Section: Períodounclassified

ARBORICULTURA Y SILVOPASTORALISMO EN EL PERÍODO FORMATIVO (1.400 a.C.-500 d.C.) DE LA CUENCA DEL SALAR DE ATACAMA

B¹

2014

Chungará (Arica)

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Diversas hipótesis y modelos se han planteado en torno al papel que jugó la agricultura, horticultura, recolección, caza y ganadería de camélidos durante el periodo Formativo (1.400 a.C.-500 d.C.) en los oasis del Salar de Atacama y el Loa Medio. En este artículo se reevalúan estos planteamientos a la luz de nuevos datos obtenidos principalmente del análisis de microfósiles adheridos en palas líticas e instrumentos de molienda y en menor medida desde distintos isótopos (d13Ccol, d13Cap, d15N, d18O, Sr 87 /Sr 86 ). Los datos se interpretan desde una perspectiva teórica que enfatiza el riesgo y una evolución no lineal en la interacción sociedadplanta. Se discute la funcionalidad de los instrumentos analizados y el manejo de recursos silvestres como Cactáceas y Ciperáceas además de tubérculos aún no identificados. Desde la arqueobotánica se sugiere que los bosques de algarrobo (Prosopis) no son nativos del área, sino que fueron producto de una arboricultura formativa posiblemente ligada a una economía silvopastoralista en los oasis. Ambas propuestas replantean la historia cultural y ecológica del área, enriquecen la discusión del Formativo, y la biogeografía de Prosopis en América.Palabras claves: microfósiles, isótopos, arboricultura, silvopastoralismo, interacción sociedad-planta, Formativo. (d13Ccol, d13Cap, d15N, d18O, Sr 87 /Sr 86 Several hypotheses and models have been put forward about the role played by agriculture, horticulture, gathering, hunting and herding of camels during the Formative period (1,400 BC-500 AD) in the oases of the Salar de Atacama and the Middle Loa. This article re-assessed these proposals in light of new data obtained mainly from the analysis of microfossils attached to lithic hoes, grinding instruments and, to a lesser extent, from different isotopes

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Redefining Plant Use at the Formative Site of Chiripa in the Southern Titicaca Basin

Cited by 8 publications

References 40 publications

Beyond Raised Fields: Exploring Farming Practices and Processes of Agricultural Change in the Ancient Lake Titicaca Basin of the Andes

Beyond Raised Fields: Exploring Farming Practices and Processes of Agricultural Change in the Ancient Lake Titicaca Basin of the Andes

Late Intermediate Period Plant Use at a Colla Hillfort, Puno, Peru (AD 1300–1450)

ARBORICULTURA Y SILVOPASTORALISMO EN EL PERÍODO FORMATIVO (1.400 a.C.-500 d.C.) DE LA CUENCA DEL SALAR DE ATACAMA

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