Redefining Development

Abstract

In 2015, the Old Fadama slum of Accra, Ghana, was a government "no-go zone" due to the generally lawless environment. Participatory action researchers (PAR) began working with three stakeholders to resolve complex challenges facing the community and city. In three years, they created a PAR cross-sector collaboration intervention incorporating data from 300 research participants working on sanitation. In 2018-19, the stakeholders addressed the next priorities: community violence, solid waste, and the need for a health clinic. The PAR intervention was replicated, supporting kayayei (women head porters) in Old Fadama, the Madina slum of Accra, and four rural communities in northern Ghana. The process expanded, involving 2,400 stakeholders and an additional 2,048 beneficiaries. Cross-sector collaboration worked where other, more traditional development interventions did not. This PAR intervention provides developingcountry governments with a solution for complex challenges: a lowcost, locally designed tool that dramatically improves participation and results in projects that impact the public good. This Element is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core at doi.

Ethical Challenges of Advances in Vaccine Delivery Technologies

“…The sticker is pressed onto the skin, which is especially rich in immune cells, providing both painless and effective vaccination 7 . This microarray sticker technology is effective for measles and rubella immunizations 8 . The technology could overcome the anxiety many people have around the much larger needles now used.…”