Redefining Delusion Based on Studies of Subjective Paranormal Ideation

Abstract

The DSM-IV definition of delusion is argued to be unsatisfactory because it does not explain the mechanism for delusion formation and maintenance, it implies that such beliefs are necessarily dysfunctional (pathological), it underestimates the social component to some delusions, and it is inconsistent with research indicating that delusions can be modified through techniques such as contradiction, confrontation, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. However, a well-replicated mathematical model of magical/delusional thinking based on a study of paranormal beliefs and experiences is consistent with the hypothesis that attributional processes play a central role in delusion formation and maintenance. The model suggests attributional processes serve the adaptive function of reducing fear associated with ambiguous stimuli and delusional thinking is on a continuum with nonpathological forms. Based on this collective research an amendment to the definition of delusion is proposed and its clinical implications are addressed.

Anxiolytic function of fundamentalist beliefs: Neurocognitive evidence

“…Finally, it is worth stressing that there are some studies showing that although some religious or religious -like beliefs may derive from a stress response to conflict and uncertainty (e.g., Inzlicht et al, 2011), the others are the effects of misattribution of psychophysiological experience (e.g., Brugger, 2001;Brugerr & Mohr, 2008;Houran & Lange, 2004;McClenon, 1997;Persinger, 1983). We think that regardless of the roots of beliefs they may have adaptive anxiolytic function.…”

Paranormal beliefs and individual differences: story seeking without reasoned review

“…The adaptive value of paranormal beliefs, however, has received comparatively little consideration. Although assuming that magical/delusional thinking is fostered by misattribution, Houran and Lange (2004) posit that this attributional process may serve the adaptive function of reducing fear. Another important source of variance might stem from exceptional experiences of the individual yielding convictions beyond what can be explained by rational thought (Fach et al, 2013).…”

On the Adaptive Value of Paranormal Beliefs - a Qualitative Study

“…The same may be true for paranormal beliefs, as well. Whereas psychologists have been continuously discussing and studying the functional side of religious beliefs for more than 100 years (e.g., James 1902;Gebauer et al 2012), the adaptive value of paranormal beliefs has received only marginal consideration (but see Houran and Lange 2004;Lange and Houran 1999, who show that paranormal beliefs can reduce fear).…”