“Red wins”, “black wins” and “blue loses” effects are in the eye of beholder, but they are culturally universal: A cross-cultural analysis of the influence of outfit colours on sports performance.

Sorokowski, Piotr; Szmajke, Andrzej; Hamamura, Takeshi; Jiang, Feng; Sorokowska, Agnieszka

doi:10.2478/ppb-2014-0039

Cited by 16 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Hence, it seems to be specifically red that influences judgements of aggression and dominance. However, black has also been found to influence perception of aggression in athletes [22], and across cultures both black and red have been found to influence scoring of combat sport bouts [23]. In these studies, luminance and chroma were confounded, and it is known that these different dimensions have independent effects on social perceptions [16] and that skin darkness is sexually dimorphic and positively associated with testosterone [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red clothing increases perceived dominance, aggression and anger

et al. 2015

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The presence and intensity of red coloration correlate with male dominance and testosterone in a variety of animal species, and even artificial red stimuli can influence dominance interactions. In humans, red stimuli are perceived as more threatening and dominant than other colours, and wearing red increases the probability of winning sporting contests. We investigated whether red clothing biases the perception of aggression and dominance outside of competitive settings, and whether red influences decoding of emotional expressions. Participants rated digitally manipulated images of men for aggression and dominance and categorized the emotional state of these stimuli. Men were rated as more aggressive and more dominant when presented in red than when presented in either blue or grey. The effect on perceived aggression was found for male and female raters, but only male raters were sensitive to red as a signal of dominance. In a categorization test, images were significantly more often categorized as 'angry' when presented in the red condition, demonstrating that colour stimuli affect perceptions of emotions. This suggests that the colour red may be a cue used to predict propensity for dominance and aggression in human males.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red clothing increases perceived dominance, aggression and anger

et al. 2015

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“…Based on previous research, we hypothesize that runners depicted in red will be perceived as running at faster speeds than runners in blue. This hypothesis is supported by the beneficial red effect shown in the competitive context, as well as for time‐related parameters . In addition, red has been linked to dominance in both competitive and individual contexts .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…The video rating task design was based on previous color research . For this task, the participants had to rate 20‐second footage from one of four different male runners running on a treadmill.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, when taking a closer look at color research in sports, three main concerns can be raised. The first is the differences in results, with some studies showing the presence of a color effect—most showing a potential benefit for red compared to others colors—while other studies find no color effects . These mixed findings could be due to differences in methodology and color properties used .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15 Alternatively, this could also indicate that colors do not influence certain parameters in specific contexts. Second, these studies have (primarily) focused on competitive sport environments, such as combat 3,4,6,16,17 and team sports. 8,11,18,19 To date, little research has focused on the influence of colors in an individual sport setting, 20,21 which is often less competitive and more perceptually oriented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceiving speed—The color can matter

Mentzel

Schücker

Hagemann

et al. 2019

Color Research & Application

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This study focuses on examining color effects of perceived speed in an individual noncompetitive sport context, treadmill running. In addition, the presence of individual trends for color effects are inspected by observing the connection of color effects in a sport‐specific video rating task with those found in an individual color association task. For this, 32 participants rated the perceived running speed of 48 videos depicting runners on a treadmill at seven different speed settings. Furthermore, participants rated a range of additional sport‐specific performance parameters. The runners in the video were shown wearing either a red, blue, or gray jersey, gray being used to strengthen the cover story. As a secondary task, the participants performed a modified Stroop task to assess implicit color associations. The results showed a significant color effect for speed; runners depicted in red were perceived as running at higher speeds compared to blue. No significant color effects were found for the other sport‐specific parameters. Finally, there was no significant covariate effect of the modified Stroop task for the speed perception color effect. These findings indicate that, in situations in which speed must be judged, red might be perceived as going faster.

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Sweating the uniform colors and success in sport connection: Time to put the effect to rest?

Goldschmied

Lucena

2018

Curr Psychol

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“Red wins”, “black wins” and “blue loses” effects are in the eye of beholder, but they are culturally universal: A cross-cultural analysis of the influence of outfit colours on sports performance.

Cited by 16 publications

References 31 publications

Red clothing increases perceived dominance, aggression and anger

Red clothing increases perceived dominance, aggression and anger

Perceiving speed—The color can matter

Sweating the uniform colors and success in sport connection: Time to put the effect to rest?

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