“…In many recent works, silica is effectively used as the host matrix to incorporate the rare-earth ions so that these ions can be protected from the environmental effects and can enhance emission intensity. 5 Also, the binary matrices such as TiO 2 -SiO 2 and TiO 2 -ZrO 2 doped with RE ions were widely examined during the last decades as they nd applications in lasers, lighting and displays, up-conversion and white light emission. [6][7][8][9] However, the surface defects and lattice distortions in these host matrices adversely inuence the luminescence properties of the RE ions which leads to quenching of luminescence.…”