Red notoginseng: Higher ginsenoside content and stronger anticancer potential than Asian and American ginseng

Sun, Shi Yong; Qi, Lian‐Wen; Du, Guang-Jian; Mehendale, Sangeeta R.; Wang, Chong‐Zhi; Yuan, Chun‐Su

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.049

Cited by 116 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Ginsenosides extracts were filtrated through 0.22 mm filter into sample loading vial, determined by HPLC based on apparatus and chromatographic conditions of Sun et al (2011) with slight modifications. Chromatographic analyses were performed using an Agilent HPLC instrument (Agilent, Wilmington, U.S.A.) with a quaternary pump, an automatic injector and UV-DAD detector.…”

Section: Quantification Of Ginsenosides By Hplcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenosides and amino acids in flavored ginseng chips as affected by food formulation and processing technology

Chen¹,

Du²,

Cai³

et al. 2015

LWT - Food Science and Technology

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Section: Quantification Of Ginsenosides By Hplcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenosides and amino acids in flavored ginseng chips as affected by food formulation and processing technology

Chen¹,

Du²,

Cai³

et al. 2015

LWT - Food Science and Technology

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“…Red ginseng has been extensively studied and used to improve the condition of a variety of human diseases, and some previous studies have demonstrated that red ginseng has anticancer activity in many types of human malignant cancers [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17]. In addition, several other studies have suggested that red ginseng has superior anticancer activities compared to white ginseng [18], [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of anticancer activities of Korean Red Ginseng-derived fractions

Baek

Son

et al. 2017

Journal of Ginseng Research

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BackgroundKorean Red Ginseng (KRG) is an ethnopharmacological plant that is traditionally used to improve the body’s immune functions and ameliorate the symptoms of various diseases. However, the antitumorigenic effects of KRG and its underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms are not fully understood in terms of its individual components. In this study, in vitro and in vivo antitumorigenic activities of KRG were explored in water extract (WE), saponin fraction (SF), and nonsaponin fraction (NSF).MethodsIn vitro antitumorigenic activities of WE, SF, and NSF of KRG were investigated in the C6 glioma cell line using cytotoxicity, migration, and proliferation assays. The underlying molecular mechanisms of KRG fractions were determined by examining the signaling cascades of apoptotic cell death by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. The in vivo antitumorigenic activities of WE, SF, and NSF were investigated in a xenograft mouse model.ResultsSF induced apoptotic death of C6 glioma cells and suppressed migration and proliferation of C6 glioma cells, whereas WE and NSF neither induced apoptosis nor suppressed migration of C6 glioma cells. SF downregulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and upregulated the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) in C6 glioma cells but had no effect on the expression of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene. Moreover, SF treatment resulted in activation of caspase-3 as evidenced by increased levels of cleaved caspase-3. Finally, WE, SF, and NSF exhibited in vivo antitumorigenic activities in the xenograft mouse model by suppressing the growth of grafted CT-26 carcinoma cells without decreasing the animal body weight.ConclusionThese results suggest that WE, SF, and NSF of KRG are able to suppress tumor growth via different molecular and cellular mechanisms, including induction of apoptosis and activation of immune cells.

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“…The administration of medication or alteration of diet to prevent or delay the development of cancer is coined “chemoprevention” and has recently drawn public attention due to the low cure rates of advanced lung cancer using traditional approaches, such as chemotherapy and surgery (2–13). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioactivity and Bioavailability of Ginsenosides are Dependent on the Glycosidase Activities of the A/J Mouse Intestinal Microbiome Defined by Pyrosequencing

et al. 2012

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Purpose The ability of bacteria in the intestinal microbiome to convert naturally occurring primary ginsenosides in red ginseng extract or RGE to active secondary ginsenosides was investigated. Methods The anti-proliferative activity of ginsenosides was tested using the mouse lung cancer LM1 cells. Their permeabilities were evaluated in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Systemic exposure of secondary ginsenosides was determined in A/J mice. 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing was used to determine membership and abundance of bacteria in the intestinal microbiome. Results Secondary ginsenoside C-K exhibited higher anti-proliferative activity and permeability than primary ginsenosides, and significant amounts of secondary ginsenosides (F2 and C-K) were found in the blood of A/J mice following oral administration of the primary ginsenoside Rb1. Because mammalian cells did not hydrolyze ginsenoside, we determined the ability of bacteria to hydrolyze ginsenosides and found that the primary ginsenoside Rb1 underwent stepwise hydrolysis to Rd, F2, and then C-K. Formation of F2 from Rd was the rate-limiting step in the biotransformation of Rb1 to C-K. Conclusion This is the first study to characterize the A/J mouse intestinal microbiome and reveal the presence of certain bacterial families capable of efficiently converting inactive primary ginsenosides to active secondary ginsenosides in vivo.

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Red notoginseng: Higher ginsenoside content and stronger anticancer potential than Asian and American ginseng

Cited by 116 publications

References 20 publications

Ginsenosides and amino acids in flavored ginseng chips as affected by food formulation and processing technology

Ginsenosides and amino acids in flavored ginseng chips as affected by food formulation and processing technology

Comparison of anticancer activities of Korean Red Ginseng-derived fractions

Bioactivity and Bioavailability of Ginsenosides are Dependent on the Glycosidase Activities of the A/J Mouse Intestinal Microbiome Defined by Pyrosequencing

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