Red light-emitting diode irradiation regulates oxidative stress and inflammation through SPHK1/NF-κB activation in human keratinocytes

Abstract

Oxidative stress, in which the amount of oxidants exceeds the capacity of antioxidant defense system, is a well-accepted pathogenesis of several human diseases. Light-emitting diode irradiation (LEDI) is an efficient strategy to counteract this condition. The biological effect of phototherapy, using visible light, has attracted recent attention especially in dermatological practice. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of red light irradiation. We evaluated these effects of LEDI in HaCaT human keratinocyte cells under phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Microarray analysis revealed changes in 309 genes after LEDI. LEDI at 625 nm produced ROS scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects. One of the most important genes identified by microarray analysis was sphingosine kinase-1 (SPHK1), which is a key molecule in sphingolipid metabolism. SPHK1 knock-down drastically reduced ROS scavenging efficiency as well as expression levels of inflammation-related proteins in PMA-treated HaCaT cells. These results not only indicate the potential for the clinical application of 625-nm LEDI in treating skin disorders via ROS and/or inflammation, but also suggest SPHK1 as a potential therapeutic target in phototherapy.

The roles of mitochondrial dynamics and NLRP3 inflammasomes in the pathogenesis of retinal light damage

“…Red light (RL), which is thought to lower the generation of ROS and inflammatory responses under pathological conditions, 14 was used as an intervention. In this study, we found that light damage can cause changes in the mitochondrial dynamics of retinal cells.…”

Macrophage Motility in Wound Healing Is Regulated by HIF-1α via S1P Signaling

“…In keratinocytes, when SphK1 is deleted, ROS production is drastically reduced via NF-κB, as well as its anti-inflammatory effects via phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate [87]. Deleted SphK1 also inhibits the accumulation of ceramides via S1P, which leads to ROS enhancement in non-alcohol liver injury [88].…”

Regulation of carbamoylphosphate synthesis in Escherichia coli: an amazing metabolite at the crossroad of arginine and pyrimidine biosynthesis

“…In hyperthermophilic archaea such as Pyrococcus species, a carbamate kinase rather than a CPSase appears to be responsible for CP synthesis (Purcarea et al 1996 ; Durbecq et al 1997 ; Rámon-Maiques et al 2000 ; Uriarte et al 1999 ; Marina et al 1999 ; Alcántara et al 2000 ). For additional information on CP producing and consuming enzymes in various organisms, including humans, the reader is referred to a recent review by Shi et al ( 2018 ).

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“…All CPSases use one molecule of bicarbonate, two molecules of Mg 2+ ATP, and one molecule of either glutamine or ammonia to synthesize CP (Fig. 3 ) (Jones and Lipman 1960 ; Anderson and Meister 1965 ; Shi et al 2018 ). The preferred and physiologically relevant nitrogen donor for E. coli CPSase, and by extension for all bacterial CPSases, is glutamine (Piérard and Wiame 1964 ; Cunin et al 1986 ; Meister 1989 ) (Fig.…”