Red Ginseng Improves Exercise Endurance by Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Myoblast Differentiation

Shin, Eun Ju; Jo, Seongin; Choi, Sungbin; Cho, Chang Won; Lim, Won Chul; Hong, Hee Do; Lim, Tae‐Gyu; Jang, Young Jin; Jang, Mi Hyeon; Byun, Sun‐Sig; Rhee, Young-Kyung

doi:10.3390/molecules25040865

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Among these parameters, spare capacity has been considered as a crucial parameter of bioenergetic profile in cells that are corresponding to the supply of substrate during increased demand for energy consumption. Here, ginsenoside Rd, Re and Rg 1 showed enhancement of spare capacity and ATP formation under the insult of applied Aβ: this observation was consistent with an increase of pathway related to energy production after treatment of ginseng extract [ 31 ]. Amongst these ginsenosides, Rg 1 displayed the best protective effects on the culture under Aβ-induced mitochondrial toxicity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Ginsenosides attenuate bioenergetics and morphology of mitochondria in cultured PC12 cells under the insult of amyloid beta-peptide

Kwan

Huang

Dong

et al. 2020

Journal of Ginseng Research

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Background Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the significant reasons for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ginsenosides, natural molecules extracted from Panax ginseng , have been demonstrated to exert essential neuroprotective functions, which can ascribe to its anti-oxidative effect, enhancing central metabolism and improving mitochondrial function. However, a comprehensive analysis of cellular mitochondrial bioenergetics after ginsenoside treatment under Aβ-oxidative stress is missing. Methods The antioxidant activities of ginsenoside Rb 1 , Rd, Re, Rg 1 were compared by measuring the cell survival and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Next, the protective effects of ginsenosides of mitochondrial bioenergetics were examined by measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in PC12 cells under Aβ-oxidative stress with an extracellular flux analyzer. Meanwhile, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial dynamics were evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results Ginsenoside Rg 1 possessed the strongest anti-oxidative property, and which therefore provided the best protective function to PC12 cells under the Aβ oxidative stress by increasing ATP production to 3 folds, spare capacity to 2 folds, maximal respiration to 2 folds and non-mitochondrial respiration to 1.5 folds, as compared to Aβ cell model. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rg1 enhanced MMP and mitochondrial interconnectivity, and simultaneously reduced mitochondrial circularity. Conclusion In the present study , these results demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg 1 could be the best natural compound, as compared with other ginsenosides, by modulating the OCR of cultured PC12 cells during oxidative phosphorylation, in regulating MMP and in improving mitochondria dynamics under Aβ-induced oxidative stress.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Ginsenosides attenuate bioenergetics and morphology of mitochondria in cultured PC12 cells under the insult of amyloid beta-peptide

Kwan

Huang

Dong

et al. 2020

Journal of Ginseng Research

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“…To evaluate the influence of the CMEE on exercise, we employed the grip strength test model and used the red ginseng as positive control. The red ginseng is one of the most famous medicinal herb and has been reported to the various health beneficial effects including the protection of muscle damage, the relief of fatigue, and the improvement of exercise endurance [ 15 ]. There were no significant changes in body weight during the experiment ( Figure 1 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial Effect of Cordyceps militaris on Exercise Performance via Promoting Cellular Energy Production

Choi

Sung

2020

Mycobiology

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Cordyceps militaris has been reported to the diverse pharmaceutical effects including cancer, inflammatory diseases, and bacteria or virus infection. However, the effect of C. militaris on exercise performance has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the beneficial effect of C. militaris on exercise performance. To evaluate exercise performance, we prepared C. militaris ethyl acetate extract (CMEE) and conducted grip strength tests every week after administration. Additionally, blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment for biochemical analysis. The administration of CMEE slightly increased grip strength, and this result was similar to the red ginseng treated group. According to the result of biochemical analysis, CMEE had an effect on the biomarkers related to ATP generation pathway but had little influence on the muscle fatigue related biomarkers. Therefore, C. militaris has the possibility of improving exercise performance, which could be associated with the increase in ATP production rather than the decrease in muscle fatigue during exercise.

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“…First, in this study, KRG was shown to increase the mtDNA copy number more than the placebo. A previous study showed that KRG improved exercise performance, increased the ATP production capacity of muscle cells, and stimulated myoblast differentiation in mice [ 17 ]. An animal study showed that the mtDNA copy number and messenger RNA expression levels of mitochondrial biogenesis-related transcription factors increased more in those with diabetes who took KRG than those who took a placebo [ 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, Kim et al reported that the Rg3 component in KRG increased the expression of PGC-1α, NRF-1, and TFAM in an in vitro model [ 22 ]. Additionally, Shin et al showed that KRG improved swimming performance in mice and enhanced TFAM and NRF-1 gene expression levels [ 17 ]. Therefore, KRG may lead to improvements in the PGC-1α-NRF1-TFAM pathway, which contributes to the increased mtDNA copy number.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Biological Aging and Antioxidant Capacity in Postmenopausal Women: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study

et al. 2021

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Postmenopausal women are vulnerable to aging and oxidative stress due to reduced estrogen. Previous studies have shown that Korean red ginseng (KRG) has beneficial effects on aging and antioxidant capacity. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of KRG on biological aging and antioxidant capacity in postmenopausal women. This study conducted a double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The participants were randomly administered KRG or a placebo, and the following metrics were measured: mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) copy number as an indicator of biological aging and, total antioxidant status (TAS) as a marker of antioxidant capacity. Clinical symptoms of fatigue, as measured by the fatigue severity scale, were assessed before and after KRG administration. There were 63 participants, of whom 33 received KRG and 30 received a placebo. The mtDNA copy number (KRG group: 1.58 ± 2.05, placebo group: 0.28 ± 2.36, p = 0.023) and TAS (KRG group: 0.11 ± 0.25 mmol/L, placebo group: −0.04 ± 0.16 mmol/L, p = 0.011) increased and the fatigue severity scale (KRG group: −7 ± 12, placebo group: −1 ± 11, p = 0.033) decreased significantly more in the KRG group than the placebo group. KRG significantly increased the mtDNA copy number, total antioxidant status, and improved symptoms of fatigue in postmenopausal women.

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Red Ginseng Improves Exercise Endurance by Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Myoblast Differentiation

Cited by 17 publications

References 51 publications

Ginsenosides attenuate bioenergetics and morphology of mitochondria in cultured PC12 cells under the insult of amyloid beta-peptide

Ginsenosides attenuate bioenergetics and morphology of mitochondria in cultured PC12 cells under the insult of amyloid beta-peptide

Beneficial Effect of Cordyceps militaris on Exercise Performance via Promoting Cellular Energy Production

The Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Biological Aging and Antioxidant Capacity in Postmenopausal Women: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study

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