Red blood cells mediated delivery of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine to primary macrophages: efficiency, metabolism and activity against human immunodeficiency virus or herpes simplex virus

HPLC method for determination of in vitro delivery through and into porcine skin of adefovir (PMEA)

“…These findings imply that the levels reaching the target site are far higher than the EC 50 or IC 50 values of PMEA for herpes viruses, which are typically in the range of tens of micrograms per ml [7,[22][23][24]. IPM appears to be an ideal vehicle for topical application as the drug remained concentrated within the skin and the systemic absorption was low.…”

Influence of the glycocalyx and plasma membrane composition on amphiphilic gold nanoparticle association with erythrocytes

“…They have a long ∼120-day lifespan in circulation, and this feature can be exploited in applications where slow and sustained cargo release into the intravenous circulation is desired. For example, erythrocytes have been used as circulating depots of vitamins 3 and steroids, [4][5][6][7] agents for antineoplastic, [8][9][10] antiparasitic, [11][12][13] and antiretroviral [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] therapies, and also as carriers for cardiovascular therapeutics. [21][22][23] Erythrocyte carriers are intrinsically biodegradable without the generation of toxic byproducts.…”

Estudio de la penetración de agente antiinfecciosos en macrófagos utilizando eritrocitos portadores

“…To increase the phagocytosis of carrier erythrocytes a frequent strategy is to modify membrane proteins, as in the case of the transmembrane band 3 protein, with substances such a zinc, the peptide melitin, the dye acridine orange or the oxidising agents phenylhydrazine and diamine, followed by stabilisation with an agent that fosters cross linking such as bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3). This favours opsonisation by IgG and C3b, increasing phagocytosis by macrophages (Magnani et al 1992;Perno et al 1997;Fraternale et al 2003).…”

“…There are antiviral drugs such as adefovir (PMEA) or acyclovir (ACV) that inhibits the proliferation of both HIV and HSV. PMEA encapsulation in erythrocytes achieved a better inhibition of HIV and HSV in human monocytes/macrophages than free PMEA, with no signs of cytotoxicity (Perno et al 1997). Prodrugs are also encapsulated, as dinucleotides, and these are converted into the active form of the drug by endogenous enzymes.…”