Red blood cell lysis induced by the venom of the brown recluse spider

Forrester, Lawrence J.; Barrett, Janet R; Campbell, Benedict J.

doi:10.1016/0003-9861(78)90046-2

Cited by 133 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Envenomation provokes two major kinds of signals, i.e., local lesions at the bite site characterized by edema followed by vasodilatation, blood vessel degeneration, local hemorrhage and a significant cutaneous tissue injury with gravitational spreading, that can exacerbate to necrotic skin ulcers and degeneration (1)(2)(3)(4), and systemic effects that begin as a malaise and can become generalized, with hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation and renal failure. These clinical signs and toxicological effects appear to be phenomena similar for several Loxosceles species including the more studied L. reclusa, L. laeta, L. intermedia and L. gaucho species (4)(5)(6)(7)(8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…The exact mechanisms by which the S.S. Veiga et al venoms cause their deleterious effects are currently under investigation, with putative explanations involving an indirect event, as is the case for endothelial cell-dependent neutrophil activation caused by the venoms and seemingly related to the dermonecrotic lesion (4,(12)(13)(14). The presence of a sphingomyelinase D-like enzyme (32-35 kDa) probably associated with necrotic, hemolytic and thrombocytopenic activities triggered by the venoms has also been identified in different Loxosceles species (3,4,6,10,15,16). Other enzymes such as a hyaluronidase have been postulated to be a spreading factor during the lesions (4,17), and protease activities also appear to have some participation in the noxious effects of the venoms (11,(18)(19)(20)(21).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extracellular matrix molecules as targets for brown spider venom toxins

Veiga

Zanetti

Braz

et al. 2001

Braz J Med Biol Res

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Loxoscelism, the term used to describe lesions and clinical manifestations induced by brown spiders venom (Loxosceles genus), has attracted much attention over the last years. Brown spider bites have been reported to cause a local and acute inflammatory reaction that may evolve to dermonecrosis (a hallmark of envenomation) and hemorrhage at the bite site, besides systemic manifestations such as thrombocytopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolysis, and renal failure. The molecular mechanisms by which Loxosceles venoms induce injury are currently under investigation. In this review, we focused on the latest reports describing the biological and physiopathological aspects of loxoscelism, with reference mainly to the proteases recently described as metalloproteases and serine proteases, as well as on the proteolytic effects triggered by L. intermedia venom upon extracellular matrix constituents such as fibronectin, fibrinogen, entactin and heparan sulfate proteoglycan, besides the disruptive activity of the venom on Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm basement membranes. Degradation of these extracellular matrix molecules and the observed disruption of basement membranes could be related to deleterious activities of the venom such as loss of vessel and glomerular integrity and spreading of the venom toxins to underlying tissues. Correspondence

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular matrix molecules as targets for brown spider venom toxins

Veiga

Zanetti

Braz

et al. 2001

Braz J Med Biol Res

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“…A key component for the dermonecrotic lesion appears to be sphyngomyelinase D, that interacts with the cellular membrane, unchains reactions involving components of the complement system, platelets, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes 15,29,33 . Sphyngomyelinase D activity was also proved to be responsible for the intravascular hemolysis 14 , which is mediated by the complement system 30,31 , and secondary to activation of endogenous metalloproteases 32 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and epidemiological features of definitive and presumed loxoscelism in São Paulo, Brazil

Málaque

Castro-Valencia

Cardoso

et al. 2002

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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A retrospective study analysed 359 proven or presume cases of loxoscelism seen at the Hospital Vital Brazil, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil, between 1985 and 1996. The spider was identified in 14%. The bites occurred predominantly in the urban areas (73%) between September and February. Patients > 14 years were commonest inflicted (92%) and 41% were bitten while getting dressed. Only 11% sought medical care within the first 12 hours post bite. Cutaneous loxoscelism was the commonest form presenting (96%); commonest manifestations were: pain (76%), erythema (72%), edema with enduration (66%), ecchymosis (39%). Skin necrosis occurred in 53% of patients, most frequently seen on trunk, tigh and upper arm, and when patients seek medical care more than 72 hours after bite. Local infection was detected in 12 patients (3%). Hemolysis was confirmed in 4 cases (1.1%). Generalised cutaneous rash, fever and headache were also observed in 48% of the total of patients. None of them had acute renal failure or died. Treatment usually involved antivenom administration (66%), being associated with corticosteroids (47%) or dapsone (30%). Presumptive diagnosis of loxoscelism may be established based on clinical and epidemiological findings. Further investigations are required to prove the value of antivenom and other treatment schedules.

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“…They speculated that the resulting lysis of the red blood cells was accomplished through an interaction between this component and complement factors contained in human serum. Conclusive evidence of the lytic activity of brown recluse venom on human red blood cells was described by Forrester et al 27 Wtlliams and coworkers 28 …”

Section: Vmoiii Plllbopbysiolodmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…27 This enzyme has also been shown to induce tissue necrosis in rabbit tissue. 31 • 32 Tissue necrosis is directly attributable to the induction of endothelial cell disruption, intravascular hemolysis, platelet aggregation, and thrombi fonnation by sphingomyelinase D. This enzyme is also implicated in the disruption of nerve impulse transmission and in contributing to cutaneous anesthesia.…”

Section: Vmoiii Plllbopbysiolodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brown Recluse Spider Bites

Forks

2000

The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine

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Background: Brown recluse spider bites are a serious medical problem in the southeastern United States. Although most bites are asymptomatic, envenomation can result in a constellation of systemic symptoms referred to as loxoscelism. Patients can also develop necrotic skin ulcers (necrotic arachnidism). These ulcers are often difficult to heal and can require skin grafting or amputation of the bitten appendage.Metbods: A search of the literature was performed using the search words "spider envenomation," "brown recluse spider bites," and "arachnid envenomation."Results and Conclusions: Most brown recluse spider bites are asymptomatic. All bites should be

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Red blood cell lysis induced by the venom of the brown recluse spider

Cited by 133 publications

References 21 publications

Extracellular matrix molecules as targets for brown spider venom toxins

Extracellular matrix molecules as targets for brown spider venom toxins

Clinical and epidemiological features of definitive and presumed loxoscelism in São Paulo, Brazil

Brown Recluse Spider Bites

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