Red And far‐red regulation of filament movement correlates with the expression of phytochrome and FHY1 genes in Spirogyra varians (Zygnematales, Streptophyta)¹

Abstract

Spirogyra filaments show unique photomovement that differs in response to blue, red, and far‐red light. Phototropins involved in the blue‐light movement have been characterized together with downstream signaling components, but the photoreceptors and mechanical effectors of red‐ and far‐red light movement are not yet characterized. The filaments of Spirogyra varians slowly bent and aggregated to form a tangled mass in red light. In far‐red light, the filaments unbent, stretched rapidly, and separated from each other. Mannitol and/or sorbitol treatment significantly inhibited this far‐red light movement suggesting that turgor pressure is the driving force of this movement. The bending and aggregating movements of filaments in red light were not affected by osmotic change. Three phytochrome homologues isolated from S. varians showed unique phylogenetic characteristics. Two canonical phytochromes, named SvPHY1 and SvPHY2, and a noncanonical phytochrome named SvPHYX2. SvPHY1 is the first PHY1 family phytochrome reported in zygnematalean algae. The gene involved in the transport of phytochromes into the nucleus was characterized, and its expression in response to red and far‐red light was measured using quantitative PCR. Our results suggest that the phytochromes and the genes involved in the transport system into the nucleus are well conserved in S. varians.

Sex‐Specific Genes and their Expression in the Life History of the Red Alga Bostrychia moritziana (Ceramiales, Rhodomelaceae)

“…Geneious version 10 (https://www.geneious.com) was used to determine the primer site for 5′RACE PCR. Full‐length sequences and the open reading frame (ORF) of the protein were obtained from the 5′RACE method described previously (Lee and Kim 2019). Nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarity searches and comparison were carried out using BLAST to the NCBI database (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).…”

ROS Signaling Mediates Directional Cell Elongation and Somatic Cell Fusion in the Red Alga Griffithsia monilis

“…To observe responses of homologues of NADPH-oxidase genes during the woundhealing response, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed using QuantiSpeed SYBR Hi-Rox Kit (PhileKorea, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, Korea) in a StepOnePlus Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Waltham, MA, USA) as described previously [43]. cDNA samples were amplified in triplicate from the same RNA preparation.…”

Early Light-Inducible Protein (ELIP) Can Enhance Resistance to Cold-Induced Photooxidative Stress in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

“…First strand cDNAs were synthesized using Accuscript High Fidelity 1st strand cDNA kit (Agilent Technologies, United States). Real-time quantitative PCR was performed using QuantiSpeed SYBR Hi-Rox Kit (PhileKorea, South Korea) in a StepOnePlus Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, United States) as described previously (Lee and Kim, 2019). The primers used for qPCR are shown in Supplementary Table S1.…”