Recycling valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by ammonium sulfite-reduction ammonia leaching

Wu, Caibin; Li, Bensheng; Yuan, Chengfang; Ni, Shuainan; Li, Lifeng

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.039

Cited by 84 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Selective leaching is driven by the formation of stable coordination complexes between ammonia and metallic ions, particularly Li + , Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , and Cu 2+ , whereas Fe, Mn, and Al typically remain precipitated as hydroxides. Although leaching with ammonia alone is thermodynamically favorable, the reaction has poor kinetics, and thus minimal leaching is observed for Li, Ni, and Co even at high concentrations . However, Cu can easily be leached due to the high formation constant of the Cu(NH 3 ) 4 2+ complex .…”

Section: Leaching Developments and Unconventional Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…145 Although leaching with ammonia alone is thermodynamically favorable, the reaction has poor kinetics, and thus minimal leaching is observed for Li, Ni, and Co even at high concentrations. [146][147][148] However, Cu can easily be leached due to the high formation constant of the Cu (NH 3 ) 4 2+ complex. 147 The ammonium compound lowers…”

Section: Ammoniacal Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

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Worldwide trends in mobile electrification, largely driven by the popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) will skyrocket demands for lithium‐ion battery (LIB) production. As such, up to four million metric tons of LIB waste from EV battery packs could be generated from 2015 to 2040. LIB recycling directly addresses concerns over long‐term economic strains due to the uneven geographic distribution of resources (especially for Co and Li) and environmental issues associated with both landfilling and raw material extraction. However, LIB recycling infrastructure has not been widely adopted, and current facilities are mostly focused on Co recovery for economic gains. This incentive will decline due to shifting market trends from LiCoO2 toward cobalt‐deficient and mixed‐metal cathodes (eg, LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2). Thus, this review covers recycling strategies to recover metals in mixed‐metal LIB cathodes and comingled scrap comprising different chemistries. As such, hydrometallurgical processes can meet this criterion, while also requiring a low environmental footprint and energy consumption compared to pyrometallurgy. Following pretreatment to separate the cathode from other battery components, the active material is dissolved entirely by reductive acid leaching. A complex leachate is generated, comprising cathode metals (Li+, Ni2+, Mn2+, and Co2+) and impurities (Fe3+, Al3+, and Cu2+) from the current collectors and battery casing, which can be separated and purified using a series of selective precipitation and/or solvent extraction steps. Alternatively, the cathode can be resynthesized directly from the leachate.

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Section: Leaching Developments and Unconventional Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ammoniacal Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

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“…A summary of leaching conditions and purification processes is provided in Tables S7 and S8 in Supplementary Materials in which other processes are summarized [186][187][188]. Another inorganic acid tested in academic research is hydrofluoric acid (HF).…”

Section: Other Inorganic Acids or Alkaline Leaching Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cobalt, nickel, and manganese formates are soluble in water [192]. However, during leaching, these compounds form an amorphous precipitate over time as reported by Gao et al [193]; a A summary of leaching conditions and purification processes is provided in Tables S7 and S8 in Supplementary Materials in which other processes are summarized [186][187][188].…”

Section: Organic Acid Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

et al. 2020

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An exponential market growth of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has been observed in the past 20 years; approximately 670,000 tons of LIBs have been sold in 2017 alone. This trend will continue owing to the growing interest of consumers for electric vehicles, recent engagement of car manufacturers to produce them, recent developments in energy storage facilities, and commitment of governments for the electrification of transportation. Although some limited recycling processes were developed earlier after the commercialization of LIBs, these are inadequate in the context of sustainable development. Therefore, significant efforts have been made to replace the commonly employed pyrometallurgical recycling method with a less detrimental approach, such as hydrometallurgical, in particular sulfate-based leaching, or direct recycling. Sulfate-based leaching is the only large-scale hydrometallurgical method currently used for recycling LIBs and serves as baseline for several pilot or demonstration projects currently under development. Conversely, most project and processes focus only on the recovery of Ni, Co, Mn, and less Li, and are wasting the iron phosphate originating from lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. Although this battery type does not dominate the LIB market, its presence in the waste stream of LIBs causes some technical concerns that affect the profitability of current recycling processes. This review explores the current processes and alternative solutions to pyrometallurgy, including novel selective leaching processes or direct recycling approaches.

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“…Hydrometallurgical methods mainly include the preparation of pregnant acid leached solution (PLS) using inorganic acids (e.g., HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 and HCl) followed by selective down-stream processes such as solvent extraction, ion exchange, electrochemical and precipitation [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The extraction of metals from the PLS is not technically straightforward regarding the variety of species, and thus the presence and role of ligand(s) with a proper binding specification to the central metal atoms is critical [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Nowadays, more efficient recycling and leaching approaches are rapidly developing [20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrometallurgical Synthesis of Nickel Nano-Sulfides from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Darezereshki

Vakylabad

Hassanzadeh³

et al. 2021

Minerals

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By developing technologies, spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are considered a great source of nickel-cobalt ions to fabricate metal sulfide nanoparticles. However, the presence of unnecessary ions such as manganese and lithium may hamper the formation of pure metal sulfide nanostructures where the utilization of proper ligand(s) can be very critical. For this reason, the present study initially introduces a promising and cost-effective acidic leaching followed by precipitation and thermal treatment (~250 °C, 1 h) processes to fabricate pure NiS nanopowders from the LIBs, while considering potassium amyl xanthate as the precipitating agent. The produced nanoparticle’s size and structure were characterized by commonly used and advanced analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The elemental distributions and functional groups were analyzed through energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods. The characteristic analyses of the spherical-like NiS particles showed a mean particle size of 61 ± 2 nm (by TEM) and 64 nm (through the PCS method) with high purities approved via XRD and EDS analyses. Moreover, comparing the obtained XRD data with the standard ones showed a perfect match with the hexagonal structure of the NiS phase. We finally concluded that such a presented approach is very practical and efficient for converting the LIBs to an extremely valuable product. Future studies are suggested for the fundamental conceptualization of the processes.

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Recycling valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by ammonium sulfite-reduction ammonia leaching

Cited by 84 publications

References 43 publications

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

Hydrometallurgical Synthesis of Nickel Nano-Sulfides from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

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