Recycling Spent Lead-Acid Batteries into Lead Halide for Resource Purification and Multifunctional Perovskite Diodes

Abstract

Lead-acid batteries are a reliable and cost-effective uninterrupted power supply for cars, wheelchairs, and others. Recycling the spent lead-acid batteries has increased cost and could be a serious pollution issue after extensive use. It is important to exploit new-generation application to increase their value. In this article, we used a simple method for recycling spent lead-acid batteries for a useful lead iodide resource with a high purity of over 99% and a recycling yield of 93.1% and then fabricated multifunctional FAPbI3 perovskite diodes using recycled lead iodide (PbI2). The cost of recycled PbI2 based on lab-grade chemicals is estimated to be only 13.6% that of lab-grade PbI2, which undoubtedly greatly reduces the preparation cost of devices in the lab. The external quantum efficiencies of our perovskite diodes prepared with commercial and recycled PbI2 are 19.0 and 18.7%, respectively, which shows that the performance of the device prepared from recycled PbI2 is comparable to that of commercial lab-grade PbI2. Based on the expense of industrial-grade chemicals, the cost of recycled PbI2 is extrapolated to be 70.2% that of industrial-grade PbI2. Therefore, it can not only offer an approach to recycle hazardous solid waste but also save manufacturing cost of new-generation photoelectric devices, leading to earning additional value for lead waste.

Ambient Stable Perovskite Solar Cells through Trifluoro Acetic Acid-Mediated Multifunctional Anchoring

“…For the control device, a higher n value (closer to 2) suggests the presence of Shockley–Read–Hall recombination mechanism mostly due to deep trap states. However, the TFAA-modified device had lower n value (closer to 1) which suggests the presence of molecular or bimolecular recombination likely due to the shallow trap states. − From the log–log plot of J sc and light intensity, the α value was computed to be 0.95 and 0.98 for the control and TFAA-modified device. TFAA-modified device displayed α value closer to 1 compared to the control, suggesting minimum bimolecular or nonradiative recombinational loss .…”

Lead Stabilization and Iodine Recycling of Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells

“…Here, industrial products prices were obtained from a Web site named Made-in-China . The labor costs in the research scale account for 50% of the total laboratory cost, while it decreases to 30% for industrial cost because of reduced labor costs on a large scale . The other costs include adhesive tape costs, depreciation of machine, and electricity costs.…”

“…29 The labor costs in the research scale account for 50% of the total laboratory cost, while it decreases to 30% for industrial cost because of reduced labor costs on a large scale. 30 The other costs include adhesive tape costs, depreciation of machine, and electricity costs. As shown in Table 1, the total laboratory costs for recycling 1 kg of PbI 2 is $269.4, which is almost ten times lower than commercial PbI 2 with high purity purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (TCI, 2674 $/kg).…”

Selective lead (II) sorption using aminophosphonate-based sorbents: Effect of amine linker, characterization and sorption performance

“…To date, the most often used sorbents for the separation of lead ions are carbon-based sorbents [8], synthetic and natural polymers [3], metal organic frameworks (MOFs) [4,9], chelating and ion-exchange resins [10][11][12], as well as composite [5,6,8,13]. Additional benefits may also consist of valorizing wastes and the recycling of metals, as suggested by many national and regional regulations [14][15][16].…”