Recycling Perovskite Solar Cells To Avoid Lead Waste

Binek, Andreas; Petrus, Michiel L.; Huber, Nina; Bristow, Helen; Hu, Yinghong; Bein, Thomas; Docampo, Pablo

doi:10.1021/acsami.6b03767

Cited by 194 publications

(208 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In an effort to ensure the viability of perovskite solar cell parks, Binek et al have recently followed an alternative route, whereby the solar cells are recycled by collecting and reusing the toxic lead in the structure. [281] This is not only necessary to avoid lead waste, but is also required, according to international electronic-waste-disposal laws. The reported procedure allows for the removal of every layer of the solar cells separately (Figure 17), which gives the possibility to selectively isolate the different materials and, in particular, allows for reusing the expensive conductive glass substrate without a loss of performance.…”

Section: Sustainabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Petrus

Schlipf

Cheng

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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following statement: These materials can be processed from solution and yet exhibit optoelectronic materials properties described in classic solid-state physics textbooks. This unprecedented combination has led to photovoltaic devices that can be processed at room temperature and achieve performance levels similar to industry giant polycrystalline silicon, from a starting point of 3.8% in 2009. [1][2][3][4] The first light-emitting electrochemical cells [5] and diodes [6][7][8] have also been introduced recently, leading to tunable light emission spectra and internal quantum efficiencies exceeding 15%.The road towards these achievements has been marked by a constant improvement of perovskite deposition techniques fueled by our increasing understanding of the crystallization processes. The choice of deposition technique, either from solution or vapor, and the composition and order in which precursor species are applied has a great influence on the crystallization kinetics. Here, one can distinguish one-step methods where the perovskite is formed from a precursor mixture dissolved in a common solution, and two-step methods where the inorganic compound is deposited first and transformed to the perovskite phase later by addition of the organic constituents. [9][10][11] Furthermore, many parameters during processing can have an effect on the crystallization mechanism and consequently on film morphology, such as the choice of solvents, concentrations and processing additives that are often not incorporated into the final product. [11][12][13] We discuss this aspect in Section 2, where we focus our attention on the most commonly employed solution-based techniques. Additionally, as for any new technology trying to displace an incumbent technology, higher efficiencies, lower costs, reproducibility, stability, and sustainability are paramount. In particular, reproducibility has been a major challenge in perovskite solar cells from the beginning: small variations in morphology, like crystal size, film roughness, and pinholes can have detrimental effects on photovoltaic performance. [14] On the other hand, current-voltage measurements often showed a hysteresis that is rarely seen in other photovoltaic technologies. [15] These topics are highlighted in Sections 3 and 4. Finally, in Section 5 we discuss the framework for market introduction, such as cost reduction by choosing low-cost charge transport layers, or how the lifetime of perovskite absorbers can be extended by the choice of materials composition.Hybrid metal halide perovskites have become one of the hottest topics in optoelectronic materials research in recent years. Not only have they surpassed everyone's expectations and achieved similar performance as tried and true polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic devices, but they are also finding applications in a variety of different fields, including lighting. The main advantages of hybrid metal halide perovskites are simple processability, compatible with large-scale solution processing such as roll-to-roll printing, a...

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Section: Sustainabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Petrus

Schlipf

Cheng

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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304

201

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“…Besides, it is found that AZO/SAZNRs ETM can be recycled for fabricating new PSCs using a very simple process, resulting in only a slight photovoltaic performance reduction. This property is attracting as it has been calculated that the transparent conductive substrate is one of the most costing component in a complete cell …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This property is attracting as it has been calculated that the transparent conductive substrate is one of the most costing component in a complete cell. [32]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bending Durable and Recyclable Mesostructured Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Superaligned ZnO Nanorod Electrode

et al. 2018

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Though high‐quality perovskite films can be achieved under low‐temperature, the efficient charge selective materials, such as the most widely used TiO2, require high‐temperature sintering process, hindering mass production with roll‐to‐roll process by using flexible substrate. Here, a low‐temperature (90 °C) process is developed for preparing superaligned ZnO nanorods (SAZNRs), serving as mesostructured scaffold in direct contact with the perovskite layer. By rational design of the length of the SAZNRs, the perovskite solar cell (PSC), reaches a highest power conversion efficiency of ≈13.8% with largely suppressed hysteresis behavior. More importantly, this nano‐array design demonstrates outstanding mechanical robustness after being incorporated onto the flexible substrate, resulting in a performance preservation of 90% after 1000 bending cycles with a curvature radius of 4 mm. Finite element analysis indicate that the reduction of device performance after bending is ascribed to the cracks occurred in AZO stress concentration layer, which is attested by experiment as well. Besides, the SAZNRs ETM can be reused for fabricating new perovskite solar cells with comparable photovoltaic performance in a time‐saving and scalable manner, paving the way for industrial production of PSCs.

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“…[1][2][3] The abundance of the precursor materials and the possibility of solution processing raises the hope of low-cost, highly efficient solar cells with a short energy payback time compared to currently established technologies. [4][5][6][7][8] The Achilles heel of hybrid perovskite photovoltaic devices is their poor stability, especially under operating conditions, creating a considerable barrier to commercialization of the technology. [9] Beside environmental factors such as thermal stress and UV-light irradiation in air, [9][10][11] humidity-induced changes to the perovskite structure have been identified as one of the major degradation pathways which strongly affects device lifetime.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Water Vapor on the Stability and Processing of Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells Made from Non‐Stoichiometric Precursor Mixtures

et al. 2016

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We investigated the influence of moisture on CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films and solar cells derived from non-stoichiometric precursor mixtures. We followed both the structural changes under controlled air humidity via in-situ X-ray diffraction, and the electronic behavior of devices prepared from these films. A small PbI2 excess in the films improved the stability of the perovskite compared to stoichiometric samples. We assign this to excess PbI2 layers at the perovskite grain boundaries or to the termination of the perovskite crystals with lead and iodine. In contrast, the MAI-excess films composed of smaller perovskite crystals showed increased electronic disorder and reduced device performance due to poor charge collection. Upon exposure to moisture followed by dehydration ("solvent annealing"), these films recrystallized to form larger, highly oriented crystals with fewer electronic defects and a remarkable improvement in photocurrent and photovoltaic efficiency.

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Recycling Perovskite Solar Cells To Avoid Lead Waste

Cited by 194 publications

References 32 publications

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Bending Durable and Recyclable Mesostructured Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Superaligned ZnO Nanorod Electrode

The Influence of Water Vapor on the Stability and Processing of Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells Made from Non‐Stoichiometric Precursor Mixtures

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