Recycling of Steelmaking Plant Wastes in Clay Bricks

Vieira, Carlos Maurício Fontes; Amaral, Lucas Fonseca; Monteiro, Sérgio Neves

doi:10.5772/intechopen.74431

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…The low water adsorption of clay-based bricks is regarded as durable and resistant to harsh external weather conditions [ 37 ]. According to the ASTM C62 , the value of water absorption of less than 22% is recommended in mild weather conditions [ 59 ]. It has also been suggested by other researchers that the maximum water adsorption limit for clay-based bricks should be between 20% and 30% [ 37 , 60 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Three Amu-Darya Basin Clays in Ceramic Brick Industry and Their Applications with Brick Waste

Korpayev

Bayramov²,

Durdyev

et al. 2021

Materials

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This study examined the chemical, mineralogical, physical, thermal, and technological characteristics of the Dostluk (DM), Halach (HM), and Sakar (HM) clay deposits located in the Amu-Darya basin of Turkmenistan. The potential suitability of these deposits was evaluated for the local ceramic brick industry. The chemical and mineralogical features were identified by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), ion chromatography (IC), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The physical properties were characterized by granulometric analysis by sieving, particle size distribution, scanning electron microscopy/optic analysis, specific surface area, Pfefferkon’s plasticity index, reabsorption, shrinkage, water absorption, mechanical (compression and bending), and freeze–thaw durability tests. The thermal methods were performed using dilatometry and thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyzer (TG/DTA). The test samples for the different clay deposits were extruded, dried, and fired at three different temperatures of 850 °C, 950 °C, and 1050 °C. While the Dostluk and Sakar clays have high plasticity, Halach clay has been found to have low plasticity. The mechanical and freeze–thaw durability tests demonstrated that the outcomes of the clays of different origins were sufficient, achieving compressive strengths of over 10 MPa and mass loss less than 3%, which are acceptable by industry standards. Semi-industrial processed hollow bricks demonstrated promising characteristics. While the Dostluk and Sakar clay-based brick specimens were visibly free of cracks, the Halach specimens showed some cracks. The physical and mechanical improvements of these clays were performed with three mixtures, which are M1 (80 mass% DM + 20 mass% brick waste), M2 (85 mass% SM + 15 mass% brick waste), and M3 (70 mass% HM + 25 mass% SM and 5 mass% brick waste) for the brick industry.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Three Amu-Darya Basin Clays in Ceramic Brick Industry and Their Applications with Brick Waste

Korpayev

Bayramov²,

Durdyev

et al. 2021

Materials

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“…2016) examined the effect of the addition of ground olive stones on the physical and mechanical properties of clay bricks. The results of the mixing of fine olive stones in a clay material gave perspective information concerning the porosity, resulting in the improvement of the thermal insulation in the final product [30].…”

Section: Paper Sludgementioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Recovery of Solid Waste Units as Substitutes for Raw Materials in Clay Bricks

Makrygiannis¹,

Tsetsekou²

2022

Recycling

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The advent of new materials and technologies in building materials has changed the way of building. New lighter materials with easier application methods and improved mechanical behaviors, have become necessary for the market. Moreover, the new environmental policy (2022) aims to transform the waste management into sustainable materials management to ensure the long-term protection and improvement of the environment. For the brick and tile industry, raw materials and the additives that compose the product mixture seem to be a key factor in this direction. Furthermore, every product type (solid or perforated brick) requires different additives to achieve the properties that are postulated by the international standards. For the study, the wide range of additives that were used have been assorted into three (3) categories: the inert materials, the lightweight materials, and the industrial remains. Totally, eight (8) different materials were used as additives into ceramic mass, in different proportions each time. Almost all additives used for this research were pore-forming agents. These burn out almost completely before reaching the full-fire temperature, and do not change the fired body. As a result of additives burnt out, the necessary pore volume is formed in the fired brick body, which, if combined with an appropriate percentage of voids, result in raw density readings. The pore structure is significant as long as the ultimate strength of lightweight bricks is acceptable. In this study, additives between 3 and 25% by weight were added to the clay mixture. The extrusion of specimens in solid form was carried out using the Laboratory’s vacuum press. Firstly, the extrusion of specimens from the original raw material was implemented. Secondly, it was made on the material mixed with the additives mentioned above. A series of experimental activities were followed to determine the variations of the mechanical and physical properties as well as their production procedures (extrusion, drying, and firing). According to five (5) key properties measured in the current study and compared with the mixture without additives, it was found that the variation in thermal conductivity improvement is between -11% and 19%. The bending strength of the fired products showed a decrease from 16% to 55% except for the addition of bauxite residue, which increased the strength by 8%. Bigot drying sensitivity decreased from 11% to 27%. The density in two cases increased from 2% to 7% while in the majority the mixtures with the additives showed a decrease in density from 1% to 14%. Finally, the addition of the necessary water for shaping during extrusion showed a variation from a 10% decreased to a 14% increased water.

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“…Several previous studies demonstrated that textile industry sludge can be combined with clay material to form energy-efficient bricks and effectively stabilized hazardous wastes (Aouba et al 2016;Hassan et al 2014;Mary Lissy et al 2018;Patel and Pandey 2009;Ravikrishnan and Senthilselvan 2014;Weng et al 2003). In addition to textile sludge, utilization of different waste sources were investigated as brick materials such as water treatment (Niwagaba et al 2019) (Algamal et al 2018), tannery (Amsayazhi and Mohan 2018) (Juel et al 2017), iron and steel making (Hassan et al 2014;Vieira et al 2018), effluent from paper industry (Bhushan et al 2019;Sarkar et al 2017), stockpiles (Bricks et al 2019), and waste from rice husk (Hegazy et al 2012). Moreover, the reuse of waste clay bricks from old buildings (Cheng 2016) and fly ash (Kadir and Sarani 2012) can also be used as a raw material for brick-making.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and recycling of textile sludge for energy-efficient brick production in Ethiopia

Beshah

Tiruye

Mekonnen

2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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In recent years, an enormous amount of sludge is generated every day from zero liquid discharge treatment plant due to rapid expansion of industrial parks in Ethiopia. About 30,000 tons of partially dried sludge discharged to the environmental without proper waste management from all industrial parks. Thus, posing serious environmental problems. One of the most plausible means to recycle the excess sludge resource is converting it into energy-efficient brick by combining with clay. Bricks were prepared by incorporating textile sludge at different proportions (10–40%) and temperature (600, 900 and 1200 °C). Clay and sludge samples were collected from the Addis Ababa brick factory PLC and Hawassa Industrial Park. Results revealed that 10 and 20% sludge bricks satisfied criteria of class “A” bricks as per Ethiopia standards, with the compressive strength of 30.43 and 29.10 Mpa, respectively, at 1200 °C. About 26 and 50% of energy were saved during firing of 10 and 20% sludge-containing bricks, respectively, compared with pristine clay bricks. Moreover, too low concentrations of selected heavy metals found in the brick leachate, showing the sludge, were effectively stabilized in the burnt clay bricks. Thus, based on the results, we suggest the rapid utilization of huge amount of partially dried sludge resources for low-cost and efficient large-scale brick production. This will mutually benefit both the industrial parks and brick production industries. In addition, this will create thousands of jobs to the local people. Above all, the solid waste will be managed properly at textile industrial parks.

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Recycling of Steelmaking Plant Wastes in Clay Bricks

Cited by 6 publications

References 16 publications

Characterization of Three Amu-Darya Basin Clays in Ceramic Brick Industry and Their Applications with Brick Waste

Characterization of Three Amu-Darya Basin Clays in Ceramic Brick Industry and Their Applications with Brick Waste

Efficient Recovery of Solid Waste Units as Substitutes for Raw Materials in Clay Bricks

Characterization and recycling of textile sludge for energy-efficient brick production in Ethiopia

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