Recycling of plastics: Automatic identification of polymers by spectroscopic methods

Florestan, J.; Lachambre, A.; Mermilliod, N.; Boulou, J.-C.; Marfisi, C.

doi:10.1016/0921-3449(94)90039-6

Cited by 32 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Techniques based on optical spectroscopy, such as infrared reflection/absorption (Alam, Stanton, Hebner, 1994;Florestan et al, 1994;Moore, 1999) have reached their limits. This technique is not applicable to dark plastics of automotive parts; it cannot identify different grades of the same polymers and cannot be used if the surface of the plastic wastes is wet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Addition of tracers into the polypropylene in view of automatic sorting of plastic wastes using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

et al. 2010

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This study focused on the detection of rare earth oxides, used as tracers for the identification of polymer materials, using XRF (X-ray fluorescence) spectrometry. The tests were carried out in a test system device which allows the collection of static measurements of the samples' spectrum through the use of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence technology. A sorting process based on tracers added into the polymer matrix is proposed in order to increase sorting selectivity of polypropylene during end-of-life recycling. Tracers consist of systems formed by one or by several substances dispersed into a material, to add a selective property to it, with the aim of improving the efficiency of sorting and high speed identification. Several samples containing rare earth oxides (Y(2)O(3), CeO(2), Nd(2)O(3), Gd(2)O(3), Dy(2)O(3), Er(2)O(3) and Yb(2)O(3)) in different concentrations were prepared in order to analyse some of the parameters which can influence the detection, such as the concentration of tracers, the acquisition time and the possible overlapping among the tracers. This work shows that by using the XRF test system device, it was possible to detect 5 of the 7 tracers tested for 1min exposure time and at a concentration level of 1000ppm. These two parameters will play an important role in the development of an industrial device, which indicates the necessity of further works that needs to be conducted in order to reduce them.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Addition of tracers into the polypropylene in view of automatic sorting of plastic wastes using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

et al. 2010

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“…In fact Raman spectroscopy is able to provide higher spectral detail in comparison to FTIR spectroscopy. [15,16] In this framework, we propose the application of X-ray spectroscopy combined with Raman spectroscopy for the BFRs' determination in plastic wastes in order to develop an efficient, easy and fast procedure for the WEEE plastics management aiming at reuse and recycling. The use of X-ray spectroscopy to analyse the total bromine content in polymeric materials could provide a useful approach, offering a simple and economical sample preparation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several techniques can be used to identify polymers and additives. Recently optical methods, [13][14][15] such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, have gained popularity, because of their intrinsic ability to provide a high degree of information about BFR identification in real time without considerable alteration of the sample. Alternatively, one can obtain chemical information of the sample from vibrational transitions by using Raman spectroscopy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An efficient and fast analytical procedure for the bromine determination in waste electrical and electronic equipment plastics

Taurino

Cannio

Mafredini

et al. 2014

Environmental Technology

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In this study, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy was used, in combination with micro-Raman spectroscopy, for a fast determination of bromine concentration and then of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) compounds in waste electrical and electronic equipments. Different samples from different recycling industries were characterized to evaluate the sorting performances of treatment companies. This investigation must be considered of prime research interest since the impact of BFRs on the environment and their potential risk on human health is an actual concern. Indeed, the new European Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS 2011/65/EU) demands that plastics with BFRs concentration above 0.1%, being potential health hazards, are identified and eliminated from the recycling process. Our results show the capability and the potential of Raman spectroscopy, together with XRF analysis, as effective tools for the rapid detection of BFRs in plastic materials. In particular, the use of these two techniques in combination can be considered as a promising method suitable for quality control applications in the recycling industry.

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“…Techniques based on optical spectroscopy, such as infrared reflection/absorption [11][12][13] have reached their limits. They are unsuitable for dark objects such as those containing carbon black that absorb and scatter at NIR frequencies, and they can neither identify different grades of the same polymers nor be used if the surface of the plastic wastes is wet, painted or dirty.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elaboration and Characterization of Traced Polypropylene with Rare Earth Oxides for Automatic Identification and Sorting of End-of-Life Plastics

Bezati

Massardier

Frœlich

et al. 2010

Waste Biomass Valor

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The rare earth oxides can be used as tracers forthe identification of polymer materials. This study focusedon the detection of these particles and their effects on themechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene (PP).A new method was carried out to increase the sortingselectivity of PP during end of life recycling process and toimprove the efficiency of sorting and its high speed identification.The tests were realized in a test system devicewhich allows the collection of static measurements of thesamples spectrum through the use of energy dispersiveX-ray fluorescence technology. Five of the seven tracerstested are clearly visible and distinguishable from thebackground sample by their Ka1 energy line at concentrationlevels of 0.1 and 0.145 wt%. For the two remainingtracers, their Ka1 energy lines come out at the same domainof energy as the source. Dispersion of rare earth oxides at0.1 and 1 wt% do not have a significant impact on thecrystallization and melting temperature as well as on thetemperature of maximum decomposition rate. The additionof 1 wt% of rare earth oxides leads to a slight increase ofthe flexural modulus, whereas the addition of 0.1 and 1wt% causes a decrease of the elongation at break. SEMimages show a homogenous dispersion of tracers in the PPmatrix.International audienceAbstract The rare earth oxides can be used as tracers forthe identification of polymer materials. This study focusedon the detection of these particles and their effects on themechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene (PP).A new method was carried out to increase the sortingselectivity of PP during end of life recycling process and toimprove the efficiency of sorting and its high speed identification.The tests were realized in a test system devicewhich allows the collection of static measurements of thesamples spectrum through the use of energy dispersiveX-ray fluorescence technology. Five of the seven tracerstested are clearly visible and distinguishable from thebackground sample by their Ka1 energy line at concentrationlevels of 0.1 and 0.145 wt%. For the two remainingtracers, their Ka1 energy lines come out at the same domainof energy as the source. Dispersion of rare earth oxides at0.1 and 1 wt% do not have a significant impact on thecrystallization and melting temperature as well as on thetemperature of maximum decomposition rate. The additionof 1 wt% of rare earth oxides leads to a slight increase ofthe flexural modulus, whereas the addition of 0.1 and 1wt% causes a decrease of the elongation at break. SEMimages show a homogenous dispersion of tracers in the PPmatrix

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Recycling of plastics: Automatic identification of polymers by spectroscopic methods

Cited by 32 publications

References 2 publications

Addition of tracers into the polypropylene in view of automatic sorting of plastic wastes using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Addition of tracers into the polypropylene in view of automatic sorting of plastic wastes using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

An efficient and fast analytical procedure for the bromine determination in waste electrical and electronic equipment plastics

Elaboration and Characterization of Traced Polypropylene with Rare Earth Oxides for Automatic Identification and Sorting of End-of-Life Plastics

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