Recycling of LiFePO4 cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries through ultrasound-assisted Fenton reaction and lithium compensation

Chen, Xiangping; Li, Shuzhen; Wang, Yi; Jiang, Youzhou; Tan, Xiao; Han, Weijiang; Wang, Shubin

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2021.09.026

Cited by 72 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…The FePO 4 phase occupies a portion of the stable region in an appropriate pH from −2.82 to 8.15, in which LiFePO 4 can be converted into Li + and FePO 4 in the presence of an oxidant. 34,35 Unexpectedly, the pH changes of the solution with the oxidation leaching time varies from 3.93 to 8.10, which occurs in this stable domain of FePO 4 , and also contributes to the oxidation reaction at 50 °C (Fig. 3b).…”

Section: Thermodynamic Analysismentioning

confidence: 97%

Enabling the sustainable recycling of LiFePO₄ from spent lithium-ion batteries

Qiu

Zhang

et al. 2022

Green Chem.

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Section: Thermodynamic Analysismentioning

confidence: 97%

Enabling the sustainable recycling of LiFePO₄ from spent lithium-ion batteries

Qiu

Zhang

et al. 2022

Green Chem.

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“…Ultrasonication can assist to release the active substances from the current collector, but it is more suitable for laminated flat electrodes rather than roll-packed electrodes, and the separation efficiency needs to be raised. [44,45] Chen et al [46] used a combination of ultrasonication and Fenton reagent to render PVDF viscous failure. A mechanistic study showed that the OH generated by the Fenton reagent under ultrasonic enhancement was effective in degrading the PVDF binder.…”

Section: The Direct Recycling Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects for managing end‐of‐life lithium‐ion batteries: Present and future

Wang

Ang

et al. 2022

Interdisciplinary Materials

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The accelerating electrification has sparked an explosion in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) consumption. As the lifespan declines, the substantial LIBs will flow into the recycling market and promise to spawn a giant recycling system. Nonetheless, since the lack of unified guiding standard and nontraceability, the recycling of end-of-life LIBs has fallen into the dilemma of low recycling rate, poor recycling efficiency, and insignificant benefits.Herein, tapping into summarizing and analyzing the current status and challenges of recycling LIBs, this outlook provides insights for the future course of full lifecycle management of LIBs, proposing gradient utilization and recycling-target predesign strategy. Further, we acknowledge some recommendations for recycling waste LIBs and anticipate a collaborative effort to advance sustainable and reliable recycling routes.

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“…The Li atoms from metal salt sources can efficiently diffuse into the Li vacancies of spent cathode materials driven by high temperature to repair the faded crystal structures and compositions as well as renovate the electrochemical activity. [ 124–127 ]…”

Section: Regeneration Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Intelligent Regeneration of Cathode Materials for Sustainable Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Jin

Zhang

2022

Advanced Energy Materials

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policies in clean energy industry. [10][11][12] As shown in Figure 1a, it is conservatively estimated that the shipment volume of LIBs in 2025 (439.32 GWh) is nearly doubled compared with that in 2021 (237.44 GWh) and the corresponding global market closes to $106.81 billion, mainly resulting from the great popularization of electric vehicles. In addition, based on market analysis and forecast, the percent of LIBs with lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM) cathode materials is continuously increasing at a high speed (Figure 1b), which will firmly dominate the market for a long time because of their notably technical advantages. [13,14] There is no doubt that the mature LIBs industry really brings a great number of benefits to our life, such as the convenience and cleanliness. [15][16][17] However, as every coin has two sides, some key issues behind the popularized LIBs applications cannot be neglected. Lithium (Li) metal and other transitional metals (TMs) like cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn) have been consumed in large quantities to manufacture the cathode materials for fulfilling the tremendous production of LIBs. [18][19][20][21] These metallic resources are rare on the earth with high cost and limited geographic distribution. Moreover, the Co and Ni metals are toxic, which are not environmental-friendly and jeopardize to human health. [11,[22][23][24] Therefore, in the back of prosperity of LIBs, we are also facing the emerging resources crisis and seriously secondary environmental pollution problems as long as the massive retired LIBs are present and not appropriately treated in following several years. [25][26][27] To make "Waste-be-Wealth," the effective strategy should be employed to tackle the waste LIBs problems in a green and sustainable way. [28,29] Nowadays, the conventional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical technologies are only two existing industrial approaches in recycling the cathode materials of retired LIBs, which, yet, just focus on the recovery target of rare metallic resources (e.g., Co, Ni, and Li) from faded cathode materials. [30,31] As illustrated in Figure 2, in terms of the pyrometallurgical method, it usually involves the high temperature process to smelt the end-of-life cathode materials, in which the valuable metal elements are sintered into alloy forms after several purification and separation processes. Thus, this process usually needs high energy consumption and will unavoidably Explosively increased market penetration of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and stationary energy storage devices has recently aroused new concerns on nonrenewable metal resources and environmental pollution because of the forthcoming wave of retired popularized LIBs. Recycling the retired LIBs in an environmentally sustainable and cost-effective way thus becomes much urgent and imperative. As a preferable route, the direct regeneration strategy has been innovatively proposed to repair degraded cathode mat...

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Recycling of LiFePO4 cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries through ultrasound-assisted Fenton reaction and lithium compensation

Cited by 72 publications

References 50 publications

Enabling the sustainable recycling of LiFePO₄ from spent lithium-ion batteries

Enabling the sustainable recycling of LiFePO₄ from spent lithium-ion batteries

Prospects for managing end‐of‐life lithium‐ion batteries: Present and future

Advances in Intelligent Regeneration of Cathode Materials for Sustainable Lithium‐Ion Batteries

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Recycling of LiFePO4 cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries through ultrasound-assisted Fenton reaction and lithium compensation

Cited by 72 publications

References 50 publications

Enabling the sustainable recycling of LiFePO4 from spent lithium-ion batteries

Enabling the sustainable recycling of LiFePO4 from spent lithium-ion batteries

Prospects for managing end‐of‐life lithium‐ion batteries: Present and future

Advances in Intelligent Regeneration of Cathode Materials for Sustainable Lithium‐Ion Batteries

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Product

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Enabling the sustainable recycling of LiFePO₄ from spent lithium-ion batteries

Enabling the sustainable recycling of LiFePO₄ from spent lithium-ion batteries