Recycling of fluoro-carbon-elastomers – A review

Schuster, Jens; Lutz, Johannes; Shaik, Yousuf Pasha; Yadavalli, Venkat Reddy

doi:10.1016/j.aiepr.2022.08.002

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The recycling of fluorinated elastomers is also quite challenging, and to the best of our knowledge, quite a few studies have been reported on this topic, as well summarized by Schuster et al 55 However, these authors forgot to cite the tertiary recycling of commercially available poly(VDF- co -HFP) fluoroelastomers (average molar mass in number, M n = 134 000, dispersity, PDI = 3.7 and VDF : HFP = 3 : 1 mol : mol) into co-oligomers, the M n of which was in the range of 3300 to 10 400 g mol −1 . 56 This reaction occurred at −10 °C in the presence of sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide and triethyl ammonium chloride.…”

Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Actually, the recycling methods employed in the field of conventional rubber cannot be systematically adapted for fluorinated elastomers. According to the review by Schuster et al , 55 only two relevant methods have been proposed to achieve the recycling of poly(VDF- ter -HFP- ter -TFE) terpolymers (FKM) in an industrially acceptable way, as follows: (i) the milling of FKM into a fine powder to be mixed with virgin FKM and (ii) the mechanical devulcanisation of FKM, followed by successive compounding with virgin rubber. Both techniques provide satisfactory thermal stability by maintaining the mechanical properties of the original FKM.…”

Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These authors concluded that recycling FKM is possible and leads to products with competitive properties to that obtained with virgin material. However, as known from engineering on disassembling, Schuster et al 55 concluded that elastomers, and therefore fluorinated elastomers should be vulcanized for the goal of further facilitating devulcanization.…”

Section: Recycling Of Fluorinated Elastomersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recycling and the end of life assessment of fluoropolymers: recent developments, challenges and future trends

Améduri

Hori

2023

Chem. Soc. Rev.

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Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recycling Of Fluorinated Elastomersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recycling and the end of life assessment of fluoropolymers: recent developments, challenges and future trends

Améduri

Hori

2023

Chem. Soc. Rev.

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“…However, its presence did not inhibit fluorine mineralization. In their review paper [22], Schuster et al concluded that elastomers, and therefore fluorinated elastomers, should be vulcanized with the goal of further facilitating devulcaniza-tion. However, the fluorine content in the crosslinked FKM used here can be completely mineralized through the use of superheated water.…”

Section: Complete Fluorine Mineralization At 200 • Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The recycling of fluoroelastomers is challenging. Schuster et al surveyed the recycling of poly(VDF-ter-HFP-ter-TFE) terpolymer (which is also a FKM) and indicated that only two methods were found to be industrially acceptable: the milling of FKMs into a fine powder which is added to virgin FKMs, and the mechanical devulcanization of FKMs which are then added to virgin FKMs [22]. In other words, no chemical recycling is involved in these methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Mineralization of Fluoroelastomers Using Superheated Water in the Presence of Potassium Hydroxide

Hamaura,

Hori,

Fujishima

et al. 2023

Molecules

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The mineralization of fluoroelastomers (FKMs) in superheated water in the presence of potassium hydroxide (KOH) was investigated with the aim of developing a methodology for recycling the fluorine element. Two FKMs—an “uncrosslinked FKM”, representing a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (poly(VDF-co-HFP)) copolymer with a VDF/HFP molar ratio of 78/22 and a “crosslinked FKM” consisting of this copolymer (cured by peroxide) and carbon black—were treated. The fluorine content of these FKMs was efficiently transformed into F− ions in the reaction solution using low KOH concentrations (0.10–0.50 M) at 200–250 °C. When the uncrosslinked or crosslinked FKMs reacted with aqueous KOH (0.20 M) at a rather low temperature (200 °C) for 18 h, the fluorine content of these FKMs was completely mineralized (both F− yields were 100%). Although the crosslinked FKM contained carbon black, the fluorine mineralization of the FKM was not inhibited. The addition of Ca(OH)2 to the reaction solutions after the superheated water treatment at 250 °C for 6 h with aqueous KOH (0.50 M) led to the production of pure CaF2, identified using X-ray spectroscopy, with 100% and 93% yields for the uncrosslinked and crosslinked FKMs, respectively.

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TFE Terpolymers: Once Promising – Are There Still Perspectives in the 21st Century: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties‐Part I

Ok,

Steinhart,

Scheler

et al. 2024

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) exhibits outstanding properties such as high‐temperature stability, low surface tension, and chemical resistance against most solvents, strong acids, and bases. However, these traits make it challenging to subject PTFE to standard polymer processing procedures, such as thermoforming and hot incremental forming. While polymer processing at temperatures above the melting point of PTFE is already demanding, the typically large molar mass of PTFE results in extremely high melt viscosities, complicating the processing of PTFE. Also, PTFE tends to decompose at temperatures close to its melting point. Therefore, fluoropolymers obtained by copolymerizing tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) with various co‐monomers are studied as alternatives to PTFE (e.g., fluorinated ethylene‐propylene (FEP)), combining its advantages with better processability. TFE terpolymers have emerged as desirable PTFE alternatives. This review provides an overview of the synthesis with various comonomers and microstructural analysis of PTFE terpolymers and the relationships between the microstructures of TFE terpolymers and their properties.

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Recycling of fluoro-carbon-elastomers – A review

Cited by 7 publications

References 58 publications

Recycling and the end of life assessment of fluoropolymers: recent developments, challenges and future trends

Recycling and the end of life assessment of fluoropolymers: recent developments, challenges and future trends

Efficient Mineralization of Fluoroelastomers Using Superheated Water in the Presence of Potassium Hydroxide

TFE Terpolymers: Once Promising – Are There Still Perspectives in the 21st Century: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties‐Part I

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