RECYCLING | Lead–Acid Batteries: Electrochemical

Sloop, Steven E; Kotaich, K.; Ellis, Timothy W.; Clarke, Robert L.

doi:10.1016/b978-044452745-5.00870-4

Cited by 4 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Recycling what we use would considerably reduce needs. The recycling of battery materials is a well-known process; with lead batteries being today recycled at a rate of approximately 90% [28], so it is reasonable to think that the same level of recycling could be attained for lithium. Although it will never be possible to recycle at the 100% level, lithium from seawater could provide the amount lost in inefficient recycling, provided that it can be maintained at the level of a few percents of the total.…”

Section: Lithium and Other Mineralsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracting Minerals from Seawater: An Energy Analysis

2010

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The concept of recovering minerals from seawater has been proposed as a way of counteracting the gradual depletion of conventional mineral ores. Seawater contains large amounts of dissolved ions and the four most concentrated metal ones (Na, Mg, Ca, K) are being commercially extracted today. However, all the other metal ions exist at much lower concentrations. This paper reports an estimate of the feasibility of the extraction of these metal ions on the basis of the energy needed. In most cases, the result is that extraction in amounts comparable to the present production from land mines would be impossible because of the very large amount of energy needed. This conclusion holds also for uranium as fuel for the present generation of nuclear fission plants. Nevertheless, in a few cases, mainly lithium, extraction from seawater could provide amounts of metals sufficient for closing the cycle of metal use in the economy, provided that an increased level of recycling can be attained

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Section: Lithium and Other Mineralsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracting Minerals from Seawater: An Energy Analysis

2010

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“…Batteries are electrochemical devices used for storing energy generated using a cell packaged with a cathode and an anode submerged in an electrolytic solution [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Lead and sulfuric acid are in vehicle batteries; these are the most popular product where lead is.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, the components are toxic and corrosive, can pollute air, soil, and water, and can also be cause for an explosion or a fire. Moreover, exposure to these components can produce serious health hazards to humans and natural life [1][2][3]7,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Zhang, li Sun, and other authors have talked about some industrial methods for recycling hazardous materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zhang, li Sun, and other authors have talked about some industrial methods for recycling hazardous materials. Although lead-acid batteries can be physically recharged many times, their working life is limited, as during each cycle, certain stress is placed on the lead plates, according to the operating conditions [3,4,6,7,[9][10][11][12][13]. This causes short circuits and reduces the battery's lifetime [2][3][4][5]13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This causes short circuits and reduces the battery's lifetime [2][3][4][5]13]. Prengaman, Hildebrandt, and Tian et al have been working also on the recycling of lead batteries due to the fact that these are one of the most dangerous wastes in the automotive industry [5][6][7][8]12,[16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Mixing Efficiency in a Stirred Reactor Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Ramírez-López

2024

Symmetry

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Lead recycling is very important for reducing environmental pollution risks and damages. Liquid lead is recovered from exhaust batteries inside stirred batch reactors; the process requires melting to be cleaned. Nevertheless, it is necessary to establish parameters for evaluating mixing to improve the efficiency of the industrial practices. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become a powerful tool to analyze industrial processes for reducing operating costs, avoiding potential damages, and improving the equipment’s performance. Thus, the present work is focused on simulating the fluid hydrodynamics inside a lead-stirred reactor monitoring the distribution of an injected tracer in order to find the best injection point. Then, different injected points are placed on a control plane for evaluation; these are evaluated one by one by monitoring the tracer concentration at a group of points inside the batch. The analyzed reactor is a symmetrical, vertical batch reactor with two geometrical sections: one cylindrical body and a semi-spherical bottom. Here, one impeller with four flat blades in a shaft is used for lead stirring. The tracer concentration on the monitoring points is measured and averaged for evaluating the efficiency inside the tank reactor. Hydrodynamics theory and a comparison between the concentration profiles and distribution of tracer curves are used to demonstrate both methods’ similarities. Then, the invariability of the tracer concentration on the monitoring points is adopted as the main parameter to evaluate the mixing, and the best injection point is found as a function of the shortest mixing time. Additionally, the influence of the impeller rotation speed is analyzed as an additional control parameter to improve industrial practices.

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Integrated Assessment of Lead in Soil from a Battery-Disposal Site Before Remediation

Adamo

2016

Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment

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RECYCLING | Lead–Acid Batteries: Electrochemical

Cited by 4 publications

References 9 publications

Extracting Minerals from Seawater: An Energy Analysis

Extracting Minerals from Seawater: An Energy Analysis

Analysis of Mixing Efficiency in a Stirred Reactor Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Integrated Assessment of Lead in Soil from a Battery-Disposal Site Before Remediation

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