Recycling food and agriculture by-products to mitigate climate change: a review

Abstract

Food loss and waste is a major issue affecting food security, environmental pollution, producer profitability, consumer prices, and climate change. About 1.3 billion tons of food products are yearly lost globally, with China producing approximately 20 million tons of soybean dregs annually. Here, we review food and agricultural byproducts with emphasis on the strategies to convert this waste into valuable materials. Byproducts can be used for animal and plant nutrition, biogas production, food, extraction of oils and bioactive substances, and production of vinegar, wine, edible coatings and organic fertilizers. For instance, bioactive compounds represent approximately 8–20% of apple pomace, 5–17% of orange peel, 10–25% of grape seeds, 3–15% of pomegranate peel, and 2–13% of date palm seeds. Similarly, the pharmaceutical industry uses approximately 6.5% of the total output of gelatin derived from fish bones and animal skin. Animals fed with pomegranate peel and olive pomace improved the concentration of deoxyribonucleic acid and protein, the litter size, the milk yield, and nest characteristics. Biogas production amounts to 57.1% using soybean residue, 53.7% using papaya peel, and 49.1% using sugarcane bagasse.

Bioplastic from Peel and Rind of Tropical Fruits in Southeast Asia: A Mini-Review

“…Fruit rind is defined as a byproduct from the industries and has been discarded due to unconsumability. Fruit rind is majorly found in fruits that have hard skin, for example, durian [27][28][29][30][31], jackfruit [32]and pomegranate [3,33,34]. Southeast Asian (SEA) countries consist of ten ASEAN member states (Figure 2): Malaysian, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, Philippines, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Myanmar) [14][15][16][17][18].…”

“…Fruit rind is majorly found in fruits that have hard skin, for example, durian [27][28][29][30][31], jackfruit [32]and pomegranate [3,33,34]. Pectin from banana peel has been successfully extracted using acid hydrolysis (HCl).…”

“…In recent year, the increased global concern for environmental sustainability has led to the development of eco-friendly alternatives to traditional plastics that is not degradable and cause environmental pollution. Bioplastics are biodegradable polymers made from polymers that come from living things; for example, renewable sources from plant matter have emerged as a viable solution due to their potential to mitigate the environmental impact associated with plastics [1] Southeast Asian (SEA) countries are well-known for their rich biodiversity and abundance of tropical fruits that produce fruit waste (peel and rind), for example, banana peel [2,3], pineapple peel [2,4], rambutan peel [5][6][7][8][9], mangosteen peel, mango peel, durian rind, and jackfruit rind. These peels and rinds offer a promising feedstock for the production of bioplastics that act as bio-fillers in bioplastic production [2].…”

Use of thistle seeds of modified composition in chocolate mass technology

“…However, an endogenous enzyme complex plays an important role in the formation and quality change of both thistle seeds themselves and the oil obtained from them. When storing and processing oilseeds in the production of vegetable oils, hydrolytic and redox enzymes are the most important in terms of the impact on the quality of the obtained products [6]. The enzyme complex of oilseeds (lipoxygenase, lipase) is localized in the gel part of the seeds.…”