Recyclable Li/NaY zeolite as a heterogeneous alkaline catalyst for biodiesel production: Process optimization and kinetics study

Sonocogreen Decoration of Clinoptilolite by CaO Nanorods as Ecofriendly Catalysts in the Transesterification of Castor Oil into Biodiesel; Response Surface Studies

“…This was reported widely for the transesterification of castor oil and assigned to the saturation of the biodiesel sample with the hydroxyl groups of the ricinoleic acid. 13 , 26 Such a drawback can be solved by integrating the product in blends with the other forms of petrodiesel which will be have a strong influence in reducing the corrosion and wear effect on the engines. 13 , 26 The determination of the cetane index at a value of more than 45 qualifies the sample to be used as safe fuel in the traditional engines with little toxic emissions.…”

“… 13 , 26 Such a drawback can be solved by integrating the product in blends with the other forms of petrodiesel which will be have a strong influence in reducing the corrosion and wear effect on the engines. 13 , 26 The determination of the cetane index at a value of more than 45 qualifies the sample to be used as safe fuel in the traditional engines with little toxic emissions. 17 Additionally, the determined flashpoint of the sample reflected the safety of the product for the handling and transportation processes ( Table 5 ).…”

“… 10 , 11 Nonedible oils and the waste products of cooking oil were recommended as economical precursors for biodiesel production. 12 , 13 Pongamia oil, mahua oil, castor oil, linseed oil, and jatropha oil are commonly assessed nonedible oils in the production of biodiesel. 3 , 7 , 13 , 14 From the previously reported nonedible oils, castor oil was investigated extensively for its low cost, high oil content, and the wide distribution of its plants in the different agricultural environments and countries in the world.…”

“… 3 , 26 − 28 The modification of such natural zeolitic minerals by alkalis and acids and by the integration of them in composites with nanometal oxides caused significant enhancement of their physiochemical properties and their catalytic performances. 12 , 13 , 27 …”

Avaliação Da Prontidão Da Organização De Ait De Satélites Artificiais Para O Atendimento De Requisitos De Seus Stakeholders

“…Sob o aspecto químico, o biodiesel como um produto composto de ácidos graxos de cadeias longas as quais encontram-se ligadas a um álcool, sendo definido como éster monoalquílico de ácidos graxos derivados de lipídeos de ocorrência natural. na reação de transesterificação, os óleos reagem com um álcool de cadeia curta como o metanol ou etanol, na presença de um catalisador que pode ser homogêneo (ácido ou básico), heterogêneo ou enzimático, para produzir os ésteres de alquila (ésteres de ácidos graxos) correspondentes (no caso do metanol, os ésteres metílicos)(Mendonça et al, 2019).Recentemente, muitos trabalhos tem focado o uso de metais alcalinos e alcalinos terrosos, sob a forma de sais ou hidróxidos, suportados em diversos materiais, tais como Al 2 O 3(Sulaiman et al, 2019), ZnO(Casiello et al, 2019), zeólita(Prinsen et al, 2018), NaY(Li et al, 2019), etc., na obtenção de biodiesel pela reação de transesterificação. Dentre eles a alumina tem chamado bastante atenção devido as suas propriedades excelentes propriedades térmicas, químicas e físicas, tais como:…”