Recurrent takotsubo with prolonged QT and torsade de pointes and left ventricular thrombus

Abstract

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also known as "takotsubo syndrome," refers to transient apical ballooning syndrome, stress cardiomyopathy, or broken heart syndrome and is a recently recognized syndrome typically characterized by transient and reversible left ventricular dysfunction that develops in the setting of acute severe emotional or physical stress. Increased catecholamine levels have been proposed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of the disease, although the specific pathophysiology of this condition remains to be fully determined. At present, there have been very few reports of recurrent takotsubo cardiomyopathy. In this case report, we present a patient with multiple recurrences of takotsubo syndrome triggered by severe emotional stress that presented with recurrent loss of consciousness, QT prolongation, and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia () and left ventricular apical thrombus.

‘Tax-otsubo’: stress cardiomyopathy following an encounter with the Inland Revenue

“…ECG abnormalities in the form of global T wave inversion and QTc prolongation are recognised1 3 9 and highlighted by our case.…”

“…The ECG changes described in the literature are varied, with QTc prolongation known to occur,1 3 7 and been observed to peak on day 3 with subsequent resolution 7. ST elevation, T wave inversion and more rarely tDP have also being reported 1 6 8 9. With the percentage of VF reported to be as high as 9%,6 we feel patients should be observed and managed in a higher level setting, as exemplified in this case.…”

Serious takotsubo cardiomyopathy: an autopsy case presenting severe irreversible myocardial damage after frequent episodes of recurrence

“…Reported recurrence rates range from 0 to 15% [4][5][6][7][8]. Although a few papers reported that the earliest time of recurrence was 8 days [4,6], in most cases, a relapse occurs within a few months or years [1,4,6,[9][10][11][12][13]. Severe complications, including arrythmia, acute cardiac shock and cardiac rupture may arise [1,4,[14][15][16][17][18]; however, takotsubo cardiomyopathy is typically a reversible functional disorder and autopsy cases are rare [19].…”

Recurrent takotsubo syndrome with long QTc and torsade de pointes : Can cellular phone-based acquisition/transmission of electrocardiogram be of value?

“…The present case provides many points needing contemplation, and this commentary is addressed to the kind consideration of the authors:Prolonged QTc along with its consequences is encountered in TTS [2], and our approach should get systematized regarding the indications of cardioverter defibrillator implantation (prevalence of palpitations, recurrence of prolongation of QTc, TdP, ventricular fibrillation, and sudden death), and long-term follow-up of patients with TdP and ventricular fibrillation during the acute TTS course, preferably in the setting of national/international TTS registries (e.g., The International Takotsubo Registry, a consortium of 26 centers in Europe and the United States; www.takotsubo-registry.com [3]). This author has been influenced by women, contacting him from various parts of the USA, with recurrent complaints of short-lived chest pain at rest and episodes of dyspnea following an index episode of TTS, prompting thoughts that there must be mild atypical forms of TTS [4] and even a chronic form of TTS [5].The authors state that “the apical portions of the LV have the highest concentration of sympathetic innervations found in the heart” [1], but the opposite is true, i.e., the base of the heart is more densely innervated than the apex [6], [7]; however, the authors are correct stating that an “increased beta-2 (adrenergic receptors) concentration gradient” exists “from the apex to the base” [1].The authors referred to “serial ECGs for 3 consecutive days displayed marked repolarization abnormalities with fluctuating prolonged QT intervals that failed to normalize” [1] in their patient, but did not provide information as to the time course of this prolonged QTc interval at follow-up.One wonders whether “smart phone”-based technology [8] can be of value at long-term follow-up of patients after a TTS episode, for evaluation of the natural course of prolonged QTc intervals and for gaining insight into the lingering transient bouts of resting chest pains and dyspnea in patients who have suffered an index episode of TTS.…”

“…I very much enjoyed reading the contribution by Ahmed et al [1] , published in the January 2017 issue of this journal, about the well-documented case of a 48 year-old woman with recurrent takotsubo syndrome (TTS), long QTc interval, repeated attacks of torsade de pointes (TdP), and ventricular fibrillation, who eventually had a cardioverter defibrillator implanted. In addition, the patient had a left ventricular thrombus, for which she received anticoagulation therapy.…”