Recurrences and second primary breast cancers in older women with initial early‐stage disease

Abstract

Although glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1)‐containing α‐amino‐3‐hydroxyl‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole‐propionate receptors (GluR1‐AMPARs) are implicated in synaptic plasticity, it has yet to be demonstrated whether endogenous GluR1‐AMPARs undergo activity‐dependent trafficking in vivo to synapses to support short‐term memory (STM) formation. The paradigm of pavlovian fear conditioning (FC) can be used to address this question, because a discrete region—the lateral amygdala (LA)—has been shown unambiguously to be necessary for the formation of the associative memory between a neutral stimulus (tone [CS]) and a noxious stimulus (foot shock [US]). Acquisition of STM for FC can occur even in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors, indicating that redistribution of pre‐existing molecules to synaptic junctions underlies STM. We employed electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to evaluate alterations in the distribution of endogenous AMPAR subunits at LA synapses during the STM phase of FC. Rats were sacrificed 40 minutes following three CS‐US pairings. In the LA of paired animals, relative to naïve animals, the proportion of GluR1‐AMPAR‐labeled synapses increased 99% at spines and 167% in shafts. In the LA of unpaired rats, for which the CS was never associated with the US, GluR1 immunoreactivity decreased 84% at excitatory shaft synapses. GluR2/3 immunoreactivity at excitatory synapses did not change detectably following paired or unpaired conditioning. Thus, the early phase of FC involves rapid redistribution specifically of the GluR1‐AMPARs to the postsynaptic membranes in the LA, together with the rapid translocation of GluR1‐AMPARs from remote sites into the spine head cytoplasm, yielding behavior changes that are specific to stimulus contingencies. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4723–4739, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

The effect of nurse navigation on timeliness of breast cancer care at an academic comprehensive cancer center

“…12,25 Timeliness and completion of recommended cancer therapy have been associated with improvements in survival, especially in the elderly. 26 Thus, improvements in the time interval from diagnosis to consultation may result in improved clinical outcomes for this population.…”

Meta-analytic comparison of randomized and nonrandomized studies of breast cancer surgery

“…Reduced arm mobility 24,25 Fleissig et al 24 Purushotham et al 8. Local recurrence [27][28][29][30] Veronesi et al 27 Arriagada et al 28 Poggi et al 29 Fisher et al 30 2 561 3 047 43 10 (7 544) [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]47,48 12 (12 537) [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] Pectoral minor dissection v. preservation …”

Factors Influencing the Quality of Local Management of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: A Cohort Study

“…Contrary to the common belief that elderly patients do not tolerate rt well, many laboratory and clinical studies show that elderly patients in excellent health tolerate rt very well 33 . Experts encourage clinicians to weigh the benefits of rt after bcs against the potential risks for each woman within the context of her life expectancy 34,35 . However, it should also be noted that, in Quebec, a woman 70 years of age or older in excellent health has a life expectancy of more than 16 years, and a woman 80 or older, more than 10 years 36 , which may leave enough time for local recurrence and subsequent breast cancer morbidity and mortality 37 .…”