Rectal spirochaetosis in homosexual men: characterisation of the organism and pathophysiology.

Cooper, Caleb A.; Cotton, D. W. K.; Hudson, Michael J.; Kirkham, N.; Wilmott, F. E. W.

doi:10.1136/sti.62.1.47

Cited by 30 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…8 % (Trott et al, 1997a). In contrast, colonization is generally uncommon in developed countries (Tompkins et al, 1986;Lee & Hampson, 1992;Brooke et al, 2001), apart from amongst individuals with HIV infection (Käsbohrer et al, 1990) and homosexual males (Cooper et al, 1986;Trivett-Moore et al, 1998). In these latter groups, prevalence is more similar to that found in developing countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, risk factors and molecular epidemiology of Brachyspira pilosicoli in humans on the island of Bali, Indonesia

Margawani

Robertson

Brooke

et al. 2004

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and epidemiology of the anaerobic intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira pilosicoli amongst Indonesians living in rural and urban settings on the island of Bali. Faecal samples (n ¼ 992) were collected on two occasions, 4 months apart, from people living in four traditional farming villages, one peri-urban location and one urban area. Samples were cultured anaerobically on selective agar and intestinal spirochaete isolates were confirmed to be B. pilosicoli by using a species-specific PCR. Forty-eight of the 121 isolates obtained were typed by using PFGE. A questionnaire was administered to participants and analysed in order to identify potential risk factors for colonization. Overall prevalence of carriage on the two visits was 11 . 8 and 12 . 6 %, respectively. Prevalence at different locations varied from 3 . 3 to 23 . 4 %, with the highest prevalence occurring in the peri-urban location. Considerable strain diversity was found, with the 48 isolates being divided into 44 PFGE types. There was no significant association between colonization and ownership of animals, contact with animals, farming, age or gender. On the first visit, colonization was significantly more common in people who used well water compared to those who used tap water. On the second visit, colonization was significantly more common in people with wet faeces than in those with normal faeces.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, risk factors and molecular epidemiology of Brachyspira pilosicoli in humans on the island of Bali, Indonesia

Margawani

Robertson

Brooke

et al. 2004

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is recognized as the aetiological agent of swine dysentery (SD) (Taylor & Alexander, 1971) and Brachyspira pilosicoli is the aetiological agent of a disease of pigs known as intestinal spirochaetosis (Taylor et al, 1980) or porcine colonic spirochaetosis (PCS; Duhamel et al, 1998). Infection with B. pilosicoli has been reported in a wide range of hosts, including dogs (Duhamel et al, 1995), chickens and other avian species (Dwars et al, 1992;McLaren et al, 1997), guinea pigs (Vanrobaeys et al, 1998), non-human primates (Takeuchi et al, 1974) and humans (Cooper et al, 1986;Surawicz et al, 1987). As interest in the field of intestinal spirochaetes has grown, further species have been identified recently as pathogens in animal species other than pigs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomagnetic separation of the intestinal spirochaetes Brachyspira pilosicoli and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae from porcine faeces

Corona-Barrera¹,

Smith²,

La³

et al. 2004

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Porcine intestinal spirochaetes are fastidious anaerobic organisms and, as a consequence, it has been necessary to develop various protocols to enhance their isolation from or detection in faeces.Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) is a method developed recently to improve separation of target cells from mixed cell suspensions. The purpose of the present study was to compare the relative sensitivity of IMS for isolation of Brachyspira pilosicoli and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae with current routine diagnostic methods (culture on selective media and PCR) for detection of these microorganisms in pig faeces. Neither direct nor indirect IMS methods enhanced the sensitivity of detection of either organism when performed with the recommended washings during sample processing. Performance of the IMS procedure without washing gave sensitivity at levels similar to direct culture onto selective medium. Further development of IMS techniques is required to improve isolation rates of Brachyspira species from faecal samples. INTRODUCTIONIntestinal spirochaetes are mainly members of the genus Brachyspira, which includes species commensal and pathogenic for pigs and other animals and humans. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is recognized as the aetiological agent of swine dysentery (SD) (Taylor & Alexander, 1971) and Brachyspira pilosicoli is the aetiological agent of a disease of pigs known as intestinal spirochaetosis (Taylor et al., 1980) or porcine colonic spirochaetosis (PCS;Duhamel et al., 1998). Infection with B. pilosicoli has been reported in a wide range of hosts, including dogs (Duhamel et al., 1995), chickens and other avian species (Dwars et al., 1992;McLaren et al., 1997), guinea pigs (Vanrobaeys et al., 1998), non-human primates (Takeuchi et al., 1974) and humans (Cooper et al., 1986; Surawicz et al., 1987). As interest in the field of intestinal spirochaetes has grown, further species have been identified recently as pathogens in animal species other than pigs. For instance, Brachyspira alvinipulli has been described and shown to be pathogenic for chickens (Stanton et al., 1998) and the provisionally designated 'Serpulina canis' has been found in dogs (Duhamel et al., 1998).Porcine intestinal spirochaetes are Gram-negative, anaerobic and fastidious organisms. As a result, various culture media and incubation conditions have been assessed in order to develop the most reliable and efficient method for their isolation from faecal samples. Typically, isolation of these bacteria is achieved by culture on selective media based on trypticase soy agar or Columbia agar base supplemented with blood and multiple antibiotics to reduce the growth of other bacteria. Various antibiotic combinations have been utilized including spectinomycin (TSA-S400 medium; Songer et al., 1976), spiramycin-colistin-vancomycin (TSA-CVS medium;Jenkinson & Wingar, 1981) and spectinomycin-colistinvancomycin-spiramycin-rifampicin (BJ medium; Kunkle & Kinyon, 1988). In a comparative study of these media, BJ proved to be the most efficient in eliminating norm...

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“…The colonization is usually associated with no or only minor morphologic and inflammatory reactions in the mucosa (16,17,23,36). Ultrastructurally, spirochetes are attached perpendicular to the epithelial membrane between the microvilli, which appear shorter or depleted (11,17,23,36). However, more severe lesions with spirochetal invasion of the epithelium and the adjacent lamina propria together with purulent discharge may occur (15,27,30,42).…”

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confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Examination of Human Intestinal Spirochetosis by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization for Brachyspira aalborgi , Brachyspira pilosicoli , and Other Species of the Genus Brachyspira ( Serpulina )

Jensen¹,

Boye²,

Ahrens³

et al. 2001

J Clin Microbiol

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Human intestinal spirochetosis, characterized by end-on attachment of densely packed spirochetes to the epithelial surface of the large intestines as a fringe has been associated with the weakly beta-hemolytic spirochetes Brachyspira aalborgi and Brachyspira (Serpulina) pilosicoli. In this study, fluorescent in situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probes targeting 16S or 23S rRNA of B. aalborgi, B. pilosicoli, and the genus Brachyspira was applied to 40 sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded intestinal biopsy specimens from 23 Danish and 15 Norwegian patients with histologic evidence of intestinal spirochetosis. Five biopsy specimens from patients without intestinal spirochetosis and three samples from pigs with experimental B. pilosicoli colitis were examined as well. In addition, the 16S ribosomal DNAs of two clinical isolates of B. aalborgi were sequenced, and a PCR procedure was developed for the identification of B. aalborgi in cultures. The genotypic characteristics of the two clinical isolates showed very high (99.5%) similarity with two existing isolates, the type strain of B. aalborgi and a Swedish isolate. Hybridization with the Brachyspira genus-specific probe revealed a brightly fluorescing fringe of spirochetes on the epithelia of 39 biopsy specimens, whereas 1 biopsy specimen was hybridization negative. The spirochetes in biopsy specimens from 13 Danish and 8 Norwegian patients (55.3%) were identified as B. aalborgi. The spirochetes in the biopsy specimens from the other 17 patients hybridized only with the Brachyspira probe, possibly demonstrating the involvement of as-yet-uncharacterized Brachyspira spirochetes in human intestinal spirochetosis.Human intestinal spirochetosis (HIS) is a condition of the large intestinal mucosa microscopically characterized by colonization and extensive end-on attachment of densely packed spirochetes to the epithelial surface (16). The spirochetes are easily demonstrated in hematoxylin-eosin-stained biopsy sections as a diffuse blue fringe 3 to 6 m thick. The colonization is usually associated with no or only minor morphologic and inflammatory reactions in the mucosa (16,17,23,36). Ultrastructurally, spirochetes are attached perpendicular to the epithelial membrane between the microvilli, which appear shorter or depleted (11,17,23,36). However, more severe lesions with spirochetal invasion of the epithelium and the adjacent lamina propria together with purulent discharge may occur (15,27,30,42). HIS is a morphological description based on microscopic examination of biopsy samples. Hence, most reports have outlined histologic and electron microscopic findings, whereas there have been only a few reports of concurrent culturing of spirochetes from the same individuals (11,15,17,36), and two species, Brachyspira aalborgi and Brachyspira (Serpulina) pilosicoli, have been identified (17,36).Recently, the phylogeny of intestinal spirochetes has been studied by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (20, 21), polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (7), pulsed-field gel el...

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Rectal spirochaetosis in homosexual men: characterisation of the organism and pathophysiology.

Cited by 30 publications

References 12 publications

Prevalence, risk factors and molecular epidemiology of Brachyspira pilosicoli in humans on the island of Bali, Indonesia

Prevalence, risk factors and molecular epidemiology of Brachyspira pilosicoli in humans on the island of Bali, Indonesia

Immunomagnetic separation of the intestinal spirochaetes Brachyspira pilosicoli and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae from porcine faeces

Diagnostic Examination of Human Intestinal Spirochetosis by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization for Brachyspira aalborgi , Brachyspira pilosicoli , and Other Species of the Genus Brachyspira ( Serpulina )

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