Rectal prolapse associated with a healed pelvic fracture in a pregnant free-ranging African black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). Part 1 : anaesthesia : case report

Stegmann, G.F.; Hofmeyr, Markus; Olivier, Ann; Lane, E.; Volkmann, D.H.

doi:10.4102/jsava.v72i4.660

Cited by 9 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The imposition of respiratory acidosis on metabolic acidosis can lead to severe acidaemia and a poor outcome. Death due to cardiac arrest during immobilisation has been reported in a pregnant black rhinoceros with severe acidosis (Stegmann et al, 2001).…”

Section: Acid-base Alterationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of a Portable Oxygen Concentrator with Pulsed Delivery for Treatment of Hypoxemia During Anesthesia of Wildlife

Fahlman¹,

Caulkett²,

Arnemo³

et al. 2012

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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Improvement of chemical capture is an important part of wildlife conservation and animal welfare to minimise distress for the animals and the risk of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this thesis was to improve wildlife immobilisation and anaesthesia by studying physiological variables and clinically evaluate different drug combinations and methods of capture in selected species. Reversible anaesthetic protocols were developed for use in free-ranging lions and four species of SouthEast Asian primates. Capture and anaesthesia of free-ranging wolverines, brown bears, black and white rhinoceros were physiologically evaluated. The effect of intranasal oxygen supplementation on arterial oxygenation was assessed in brown bears and rhinoceros. Partial reversal of the opioid effect and different body positions were evaluated in rhinoceros.Capture methods used included darting from a helicopter or the ground, and physical restraint followed by drug injection. Medetomidine-ketamine was used in wolverines and medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine in primates, lions and brown bears. Rhinoceros were immobilised with a combination of an opioid, azaperone and an alpha 2 -agonist. Body temperature and cardiorespiratory variables were monitored in all animals. Arterial blood samples were analysed to interpret pulmonary gas exchange and acid-base status in carnivores and rhinoceros.Low doses of medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine rapidly anaesthetised primates and lions, and reversal with atipamezole resulted in a smooth and calm recovery. Physiological alterations varied with different protocols and species and included changes in body temperature, respiratory and heart rates, gas exchange and acid-base balance. Hypoxaemia was recorded in all rhinoceros and most carnivore species. The major contributor to hypoxaemia was likely ventilation-perfusion mismatch including shunt. In rhinoceros, hypoventilation contributed to an impaired gas exchange and the animals remained hypoxaemic despite partial reversal. However, in black rhinoceros arterial oxygenation was higher during sternal compared to lateral recumbency. Capture-induced lactic acidaemia was recorded in carnivores and rhinoceros. Intranasal oxygen supplementation improved arterial oxygenation.In conclusion, this thesis increases the understanding of the effects of capture and anaesthesia in several wildlife species. Physiological derangements were identified, potential causative factors were investigated and methods for improvement were evaluated.

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Section: Acid-base Alterationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of a Portable Oxygen Concentrator with Pulsed Delivery for Treatment of Hypoxemia During Anesthesia of Wildlife

Fahlman¹,

Caulkett²,

Arnemo³

et al. 2012

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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“…Other techniques that are described include palpation of the oropharynx to guide a stomach tube into the trachea to be used as a guide for the endotracheal tube (Stegmann et al 2001;Valverde et al 2010), but for this calf the oral cavity was too limited to consider that technique. Use of a long-blade laryngeal scope to facilitate orotracheal intubation is described in one case (Adams et al 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Halothane (Stegmann et al 2001) and isoflurane (Adams et al 2005;Valverde et al 2010), both administered in oxygen, have been used for anaesthetic maintenance. Anaesthesia may also be maintained with intermittent intravenous ketamine boluses (Wack et al 2010;Walzer et al 2010), detomidine and etorphine (Harrison et al 2011) or ketamine, detomidine and guaifenesin (Esson et al 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surgical procedures requiring deep sedation or surgical anaesthesia in rhinoceroses to manage conditions such as rectal prolapse (Adams et al 2005;Silberman & Fulton 1979;Stegmann et al 2001), colic (Valverde et al 2010), cancer (Wack et al 2010), toe infections (Harrison et al 2011), and corneal damage (Esson et al 2006) have been described. Adult, free-ranging rhinoceroses are commonly immobilised with etorphine on its own or in combination with azaperone (Adams et al 2005;Bush et al 2004;Esson et al 2006;Harrison et al 2011;Hattingh & Knox 1994;Morkel et al 2010;Portas 2004;Stegmann et al 2001;Vanegas & Schaible 2007;Wack et al 2010;Walzer et al 2010). The rhinoceros calf in this case report was hand-reared and did not require opioid immobilisation to facilitate handling before induction of anaesthesia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anaesthetic management of a 10-month-old white rhinoceros (<i>Ceratotherium simum</i>) calf for emergency exploratory celiotomy

Zeiler

Stegmann

2012

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.

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A 10-month-old, 580 kg, hand-reared white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) calf was presented for emergency exploratory celiotomy. Anaesthesia was safely induced with three successive intravenous (IV) boluses of diazepam (10 mg) and ketamine (100 mg) until the trachea could be intubated. Anaesthesia was adequately maintained with isoflurane-inoxygen (mean end-tidal isoflurane concentration of 1.1% ± 0.2%) on a circle anaesthetic machine with carbon dioxide absorption and an intravenous infusion of ketamine and medetomidine at a mean rate of 0.02 mg/kg/min and 0.02 µg/kg/min, respectively. Mean values recorded during anaesthesia and surgery were heart rate (56.9 ± 11 beats/min), mean arterial blood pressure (6.16 kPa ± 1.75 kPa), end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (6.23 kPa ± 0.30 kPa). Abdominal gas distension contributed to hypoventilation that resulted in hypercapnoea, confirmed by arterial blood gas analysis (PaCO2 14.69 kPa), which required controlled ventilation for correction. Blood volume was maintained with the intravenous infusion of a balanced electrolyte solution at 10 mL/kg/h and blood pressure supported with a continuous infusion of dobutamine and phenylephrine. Duration of anaesthesia was 3.5 h. It was concluded that anaesthesia was safely induced in a compromised white rhinoceros calf with a combination of diazepam and ketamine. A constant-rate infusion of medetomidine and ketamine allowed for a reduction in the dose of isoflurane required during maintenance of anaesthesia and improved intra-operative blood pressure management.

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“…General anesthesia of rhinoceroses is becoming more frequent for a variety of elective or emergency procedures (Cornick‐Seahorn et al. 1995; Stegmann et al. 2001; Atkinson et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anesthetic management of a white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) undergoing an emergency exploratory celiotomy for colic

Valverde

Crawshaw

Cribb

et al. 2010

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

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Rectal prolapse associated with a healed pelvic fracture in a pregnant free-ranging African black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). Part 1 : anaesthesia : case report

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

Efficacy of a Portable Oxygen Concentrator with Pulsed Delivery for Treatment of Hypoxemia During Anesthesia of Wildlife

Efficacy of a Portable Oxygen Concentrator with Pulsed Delivery for Treatment of Hypoxemia During Anesthesia of Wildlife

Anaesthetic management of a 10-month-old white rhinoceros (<i>Ceratotherium simum</i>) calf for emergency exploratory celiotomy

Anesthetic management of a white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) undergoing an emergency exploratory celiotomy for colic

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